![]() Schawe, Marcus: Hypsometrischer Klima- und Bodenwandel in Bergregenwaldökosystemen BoliviensAltitudinal change of climate and soils in Bolivian tropical montane rainforest ecosystems Dissertation (PDF (.pdf),
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Sachgruppe der DNB Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktortitels, angenommen von: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Fakultäten, 2005-07-06 Abstract (ENG) The altitudinal change of soils, climate and litter in Bolivian tropical montane rainforest ecosystems was investigated to examine the relation between the distribution of vegetation and abiotic factors. Altitudinal change of soil genesisWe examined the altitudinal change of soils in a Bolivian tropical montane rainforest, aiming to illuminate the contribution of podzolization and hydromorphic processes to soil formation. On three different transects from 1700 m to 3400 m a.s.l. we determined pH, effective cation exchange capacity, carbon and nitrogen stocks, iron and aluminium fractions from 26 soil profiles. Three zones of different dominant soil forming processes were found: In the lower montane forest (LMF, 1700-2100m a.s.l.) Dystropepts with high nutrient concentration and acidity are common. The distinct difference to the upper montane cloud forest (UMCF, 2200- 2700m a.s.l.) coincided with the appearance of Placorthods including more acidic conditions, deep ectorganic horizons and increasing translocation of sesquioxides. In the subalpine forest (SCF, 2800m- 3400m a.s.l.) hydromorphic processes dominated over podzolization, resulting in Placaquods with low mineralization rate and nutrient concentrat! ion. This shows that due to increasing wetness and colder temperatures at high altitudes, dominant soil forming processes change from podzolization to hydromorphism with increasing altitude. Altitudinal change of climatePersistent cloudiness at about 2200m is the dominant factor of the climate in the montane rainforest. Reduction of global shortwave radiation due to clouds was 37% of modelled potential radiation values in the LMF, 58% in the UMCF and 62% in the SCF. Average daily amount of the potential evapotranspiration (PET) was reduced from 3.3 mm d-1 to 1.3 mm d-1 and 1.1 mm d-1 respectively. The pronounced increase of the annual precipitation from 2310 mm a-1 in the LMF, to 3970 mm a-1 in the UMCF and 5150 mm a-1 in the SCF and the decreased PET led to a linear increase of soil moisture. Despite the marked differences in terms of short wave radiation between the lower montane forest and the upper montane and subalpine cloud forest formations, the measured hydrometeorological factors do not seem to exhibit a direct influence on the distribution of the vegetation. Dynamics of small litter and nutrient fluxes in the organic layerThe nutrient fluxes within the three vegetation units LMF, UMCF and SCF were significantly different. These distinctions based mainly on the different input of litter biomasses and the different time of litter decomposition. The accumulation of nutrients in the organic layer of the UMCF and the SCF were partly similar and partly higher than in the LMF due to deeper ectorganic horizons in the higher vegetation units. Absolute nutrient limitation did not exist. The N-mineralisation was reduced most evidently in the upper vegetation zones. In conclusion the N-shortage, apart from the S-shortage, was probably one of the most important factors influencing the vegetation distribution. Relation between the distribution of vegetation and abiotic factorsThe statistical analysis demonstrates the influence of persistent soil moisture with increasing altitude on the vegetation distribution and structure. This soil moisture causes a decreasing mineralisation rate resulting in reduced nutrient availability and a lower oxygen concentration leading to bad conditions for root growth. Abstract (GER) In den Bergregenwaldökosystemen Boliviens wurde der hypsometrische Wandel von Boden, Klima und Streufall untersucht und der Zusammenhang der Vegetationsverbreitung mit den abiotischen Faktoren dargestellt. Hypsometrische BodengeneseDie Böden des Untersuchungsgebietes sind geprägt durch eine hohe Azidität, niedrige Kationenaustauschkapazität und eine hohe Al - Sättigung in den Mineralhorizonten und mächtigen organischen Auflagen von 30cm. Das Klima des Bergnebelwaldes ist geprägt durch das regelmäßige Nebel - und Wolkenaufkommen ab den Höhen von 2200m. Es bestehen große Unterschiede in der Nährstoffdynamik der drei Vegetationseinheiten LMF, UMCF und SCF. Diese Differenzen basieren hauptsächlich auf den unterschiedlichen Einträgen von Biomasse der abfallenden Streu und in der unterschiedlich schnellen Zersetzung dieser Streu. Die statistische Analyse zeigt, dass die Vegetation in ihrer Verbreitung und in ihrer Bestandesstruktur hauptsächlich durch die hohe Bodenfeuchte in den oberen Vegetationseinheiten beeinflusst wird, da aufgrund der verringerten Mineralisierung die Nährstoffverfügbarkeit reduziert ist und die niedrigen Sauerstoffgehalte zu ungünstigen Wurzelwachstumsbedingungen führen.
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