Endnotes for Chapter I

1 (1) Leonard D. White, The Jeffersonians: A Study in Administrative History, 1801-1829 (New York: The Free Press, 1951) , pp. 221-23. (2) Raphael P. Thian, Legislative History of the General Staff of the Army of the United States From 1775 to 1901 (Washington, 1901) .

 

2 Col Archibald King, JAGC, Memorandum With Respect to the Command of the Army by the Chief of Staff, 30 Mar 49. Tab F of Tabbed Materials on Improvement of the Organization and Procedures of the Department of the Army, Prepared by the Management Div, OCA, 22 Jul 49.

 

3 War Department, Regulations for the Army of the United States, 1895, art. LXII (Staff Administration) , par. 736.

 

4  Roscoe Pound, "Bureaus and Bureau Methods in the Civil War," Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society (1945) , 423, 435. For a detailed, comprehensive treatment of the disruptive effects of American individualism upon social stability, see Rowland Berthoff, An Unsettled People: Social Order and Disorder in American History (New York: Harper and Row, 1971) .

 

5 Graham A. Cosmas, An Army for Empire: The United States Army in the Spanish-American War (Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri Press, 1971) contains a well-balanced appraisal of the War Department and the line Army in the years prior to the Spanish-American War, which, as the author demonstrates, caused much of the trouble in the early months of that conflict. See especially pages 5-68.

 

6  Memorandum Report, First Division, General Staff to the Assistant Secretary of War, 27 Sep 05, sub: The Simplification of War Department Methods . . . , pp. 12-13. Copy in Cater files on Origins of General Staff, OCMH. The Army regulations running to over 1,500 paragraphs are a good reference for the detailed controls exercised by the bureaus over expenditures and accountability.

 

7  (1) U.S. Congress, S. Doc. 221, 56th Cong., 1st sess., Report of the Commission Appointed 6y the President to Investigate the Conduct of the War Department in the War With Spain (Washington, 1900) , vol. I, pp. 113-16, 120-21 on War Department red tape, pp. 147-48 on the Quartermaster's Department, and pp. 188-89 on the Medical Department. Quotation is from page 113. (2) Cosmas makes it abundantly clear that the War Department and the bureau chiefs performed as well as miscreating circumstances referred to above permitted. Cosmas, An Army for Empire, pp. 245-314. (3) Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge, Mass.: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1962) , pp. 1-51; Chandler, "The Beginnings of 'Big Business' in American Industry" and "The Railroads: Pioneers in Modern Corporate Management," both in James P. Baughman, ed., The History of American Management: Selections from the Business History Review (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1969) , pp. 1-52, summarize the development of vertically integrated functionally divided headquarters in modern industry. The major railroads deliberately adopted the military staff and line principle, recognizing that effective control over their far-flung operations required unity of command.

 

8 Statement of Hon. Elihu Root, Secretary of War, Before the Committee on Military Affairs of the United States Senate on the Bill (S. 8917) to Increase the Efficiency of the Army, 12 Mar 02. Reprinted in U.S. Congress, The National Defense: Hearings Before the Committee on Military Affairs, House of Representatives, Sixtyninth Congress, Second Session-Historical Documents Relating to the Reorganization Plans of the War Department and to the Present National Defense Act, 3 March 1927 (hereafter cited as The National Defense) , pt. I, pp. 7, 17.

 

9  In planning and in negotiating with Congress Root relied heavily upon the experience and knowledge of The Adjutant General, Maj. Gen. Henry C. Corbin. whose assistant, Lt. Col. William H. Carter, did much of the detailed investigation. At a critical moment Lt. Gen. John M. Schofield, a former commanding general, supported Mr. Root's proposals before Congress. There are excellent sketches of both Schofield and Corbin in Cosmas, An Army for Empire, pp. 28-29, 62-64.

 

10 The National Defense, pp. 6-25, 109-60. (2) King, Memorandum With Respect to the Command of the Army by the Chief of Staff. 

 

11 The National Defense, pp. 157-58.

 

12  (1) Ibid., pp. 6-25, 114-20. Quotation is from page 120. (2) Russell F. Weigley, "The Elihu Root Reforms and the Progressive Era," in Lt. Col. William Geffen, USAF, ed., "Command and Commanders in Modern Warfare," Proceedings of the Second Military History Symposium, U.S. Air Force Academy, 2-3 May 69 (Boulder: USAF Academy, 1969) , p. 14.

 

13 (1) Statement of Col. John McA. Palmer, General Staff Corps, 15 Oct 19, in House Committee on Military Affairs, 69th Cong., 1st sess., Hearings on Army Reorganization (hereafter cited as Army Reorganization Hearings, 1919-20) , vol. I, pp. 1230-40. (2) Maj George C. Marshall, Jr., The Development of the General Staff. Army War College lecture, 19 Sep 22, pp. 6-7. (3) War Department, Office of the Chief of Staff, War Plans Div, Appendix VIII to WPD-7942-3, Report on Staff Reorganization, 28 Feb 19, pp. 25-36; quotation from p. 34. Bound as part of a larger Study of Staff Organization, 1918-19, copy in OCMH files. (4) For the difficulties industry encountered in combining planning and operating functions, see Chandler, Strategy and Structure, pp. 104-13, 125-62; Chandler, "Management Decentralization: An Historical Analysis," in The History of American Management, pp. 167-243. (5) Weigley, "The Root Reforms," pp. 21-22.

 

14 (1) The National Defense, pp, 154-58. (2) Lt Col George P. Ahern, "A Chronicle of the Army War College, 1899-1919." Washington. 24 Jul 19, pp. 1-16. Copy in OCMH.

 

15 (1) Ahern, "A Chronicle of the Army War College," pp. 36-278. (2) Stetson Conn, The Army War College, 1899-1940, 23 Dec 64, pp. 1-6. Manuscript copy in OCMH. (3) Lt Col Marvin A. Kreidberg and Lt Merton G. Henry, History of Military Mobilization in the United States Army, 1775-1945, DA Pamphlet 20-212 (Washington, 1955) , pp. 235-40, 290-94. (4) Lt Col Josiah B. Miller, Background for 20th Century Training, 1899-1917, in "Development of the Departmental Direction of Training and Training Policy in the United States Army, 1789-1954," p. 65. Draft manuscript in OCMH. (5) Report of the Chief of Staff, in Annual Report of the War Department, 1912, pp. 235-37. (6) War Department Bulletin No. 15, 18 Sep 12. (7) John A. S. Grenville and George Berkeley Young, Politics, Strategy, and American Diplomacy: Studies in Foreign Policy, 1873-1917 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966) , pp. 276-336. (8) Allan R. Millett, The Politics of Intervention: The Military Occupation of Cuba, 1906-1909 (Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 1968) , passim, especially pp. 120-43. (9) Maj. Gen. Otto Nelson in National Security and the General Staff (Washington, D.C.: Infantry Journal Press, 1946) on pages 66-71 points out that initially the First Division of the General Staff was responsible for supervising the War College. while the Third Division's functions included responsibility for war planning. Nevertheless, from the beginning the War College aided the rest of the General Staff in preparing war plans. "In working out and discussing the multitude of details in various plans, the War College became a laboratory for the General Staff where ideas could be tested," page 71. (10) Richard D. Challener's Admirals, Generals, and American Foreign Policy, 1898-1914 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973) deals with what influence the General Staff had on the development of American foreign policy. Usually it was current administration policies that dictated preparation of particular war plans.

 

16 Mable E. Deutrich, Struggle for Supremacy: The Career of General Fred C. Ainsworth (Washington: The Public Affairs Press, 1962) , p. 99.

 

17 (1) Ibid., pp. 96-107. (2) Nelson, National Security and the General Staff, pp. 102-31. (3) Henry F. Pringle, The Life and Times of William Howard Taft (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1939) , vol. I, pp. 256-357.

 

18 (1) Henry L. Stimson and McGeorge Bundy, On Active Service in Peace and War (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1947, 1948) , p. 33. (2) Report of the Chief of Staffin Annual Report of the War Department, 1911, ,pp. 142-48. (3) General Johnson Hagood, The Services of Supply (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1927) , pp. 20`22. (4) Nelson, National Security and the General Staff, pp. 132-37. (5) Miller, Background for 20th Century Training, 1899-1917, p. 79.

 

19 (1) Report on the Organization of the Land Forces of the United States, Annual Report of the War Department, 1912, pp. 67-153. (2) Report of the Chief of Staff, Annual Report of the War Department, 1911, pp. 135-36. (3) Report of the Secretary of War, 1911, pp. 15-31. (4) Elting E. Morison, Turmoil and Tradition, A Study of the Life and Times of Henry L. Stimson (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1960) , paperback edition, pp. 137-38. (5) Miller, Background for 20th Century Training, 1899-1917, pp. 79-82. (6) Kreidberg and Henry, History of Military Mobilization, p. 181. (7) Stimson Diary, Personal Reminiscences, 1911-1912, pp. 61-69, 115-117, Henry L. Stimson Manuscripts, Yale University.

 

20  (1) Wood's testimony to Congress is cited in John Dickinson, The Building of an Army (New York: The Century Co., 1922) . p. 321. (2) For Mr. Root's complaint, see pages 10-11 above.

 

21 (1) Martha Derthick, The National Guard in Politics (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965)  pp. 33-36. (2) Morison, Turmoil and Tradition, pp. 132-36. (3) Report of the Secretary of War, 1912, pp. 18-23, 155-176. (4) Stimson Diary, pp. 61-64, 87-100.

 

22 Elting E. Morison, ed., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1954) , vol. IV, pp. 1201-02.

 

23 (1) Barry Dean Karl, Executive Reorganization and Reform in the New Deal (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963) , p. 188. (2) Lloyd M. Short, The Development of National Administrative Organization in the United States (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1923) , pp. 459-60. (3) The quotation is from W. Brook Graves, Administration in the Federal Government, Recent Developments and Problems, ICAF Lecture No. 152-12, 10 Sep 51, p. 4.

 

24 (1) Deutrich, Struggle for Supremacy, pp. 111-22. (2) Morison, Turmoil and Tradition, pp. 127-31. (3) Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, pp. 33-36. (4) Nelson, National Security and the General Staff, pp. 151-66. (5) Stimson Diary, pp. 65-70.

 

25 (1) Deutrich, Struggle for Supremacy, pp. 127-30. (2) Mabel E. Deutrich, "Decimal Filing: Its General Background and an Account of its Rise and Fall in the U.S. War Department," The American Archivist, XXVIII (April 1965) , 199-218. (3) H. G. J. Aitken, Taylorism at Watertown Arsenal, Scientific Management in Action 1908-1915 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960) . (4) Samuel Haber, Efficiency and Uplift: Scientific Management in the Progressive Era, 1890-1920 (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1964) , pp. 67-fig. (5) M. J. Nadworny, Scientific Management and the Unions, 1900-1932 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1955) , pp. 28-103.

 

26 (1) Morison, Turmoil and Tradition, pp. 132-35. (2) Ltr, Newton D. Baker to Dr. Howard White, 8 May 25. In "Newton D. Baker on Executive Influence in Military Legislation," American Political Science Review, L (September 1956) , 700-701.

 

27 (1) Report of the Chief of Staff, 1912, p. 243. (2) An Act Making Further and More Effectual Provision for the National Defense, and for other purposes, 3 Jun 16 (hereafter cited as the National Defense Act of 1916) . Published in War Department Bulletin No. 16, 22 Jun 16, sec. 5. (3) Report of the Chief of Staff, 1919, pp. 248-49.

 

28  Kreidberg and Henry, History of Military Mobilization, pp. 193-96.

 

29 (1) Arthur S. Link, Wilson: Confusion and Crisis (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1964) , pp. 15-54, 328-38. (2) Dickinson, The Building of an Army, pp. 29-56.

 

30 (1) James Hay, Woodrow Wilson and Preparedness, typescript, 1930, p. 23. In James Hay Papers, Manuscripts Div, Library of Congress. (2) Derthick, The National Guard in Politics, pp. 35-40.

 

31 (1) The National Defense Act of 1916, Section 5, spells out all these restrictions. (2) George C. Herring, Jr., "James Hay and the Preparedness Controversy, 19151916," Journal of Southern History, XXX (November 1964) , 383-404, deals with nearly every aspect of the controversy except the emasculation of the General Staff.

 

32 The National Defense Act, secs. 6-16.

 

33 Quoted by Herring, "James Hay and the Preparedness Controversy," p. 402. The same criticism applies to General Ainsworth.

 

34 (1) Opinion of the Secretary of War of September 13, 1916 on the Effect of Section 5, National Defense Act, in The National Defense, p. 181. (2) Congress had already adjourned, and Mr. Hay had accepted appointment as a judge on the U.S. Court of Claims. Ltr, Wilson to Hay, 19 Jul 16. James Hay Papers. (3) Newton D. Baker, The Secretary of War During the World War, Army War College lecture, 11 May 29, p. 5. Hereafter cited as Baker War College Lecture.

 

35 "An Act making appropriations for the support of the Army for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and eighteen, and for other purposes." Approved 12 May 1917 and published in War Department Bulletin No. 30 of 22 May 1917.

 

36 (1) Frederick Palmer, Newton D. Baker, America at War (New York: Dodd.

Mead and Company, 1931) , pp. 156-59, 370-73. The quotation is from page 159. (2) Daniel R. Beaver, Newton D. Baker and the American War Effort (Lincoln, Nebr.: University of Nebraska Press, 1966) , pp. 50-109, 243-44. (3) Daniel R. Beaver. "Newton D. Baker and the Genesis of the War Industries Board," The Journal of American History, LII (June 1965) , 43-48. (4) Edward M. Coffman, The Hilt of the Sword: The Career of Peyton C. March (Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1966) , pp. 94-103. (5) Paul A. C. Koistinen, "The Industrial-Military Complex in Historical Perspective: World War I," Business History Review, XLI (Winter 1967) , 385-89. Koistinen sees Baker as a typical Jeffersonian progressive favoring local solutions to modern problems (page 388) .

 

37 (1) Bernard M. Baruch, The Public Years (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960) , pp. 41-51. (2) Koistinen, "The Industrial-Military Complex," p. 388. (3) Quotation is from a draft of a proposed article on Baker by Mr. Keppel, circa October 1919. Newton D. Baker Manuscripts, Library of Congress, Box 255 (Hayes-Baker Correspondence) .

 

38 Coffman, The Hilt of the Sword, pp. 104-19, 169-70.

 

39  Frederick Palmer, Bliss, Peacemaker: The Life and Letters of Tasker H. Bliss (New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. 1934) , pp. 131-39, 170-71. Quotation from p. 171.

 

40 Ibid., p. 131.

 

41 (1) Memo, Chief of Engineers for Secretary Baker, 3 Jul 17, sub: Delay in Handling Papers. Baker Manuscripts. (2) Memo, Baker for The Adjutant General. 10 Sep 17; Memo, Baker for Ralph Hayes, 25 Sep 17; Memo, Hayes for Dean Keppel. 27 Oct 17. All in Baker Manuscripts, Box 255 (Haves-Baker Correspondence) . Haves was Baker's private secretary during the first year of the war. (3) Beaver, Newton D. Baker and the American War Effort, pp. 79-81, 93-44, 243-44. (4) Edward M. Coffman, "The Battle Against Red-Tape: Business Methods of the War Department General Staff," Military Affairs, XXVI (Spring 1962), 1-3.

 

42 While Bliss was in Paris during November and part of December 1917 and from mid-January to March 1918, Maj. Gen. John Biddle was Acting Chief of Staff. (1) Coffman, The Hilt of the Sword, pp. 39-44, 48-53. Quotation from p. 41. The author was their successor, General Peyton C. March. (2) Coffman, "The Battle Against Red-Tape," pp. 1-3. (3) Beaver, Newton D. Baker and the American War Effort, pp. 80-81. (4) U.S. Army, Order of Battle of the Land Forces in the World War (1917-19), Zone of the Interior (Washington, 1949) , pt. 1, pp. 16-17, 27. Hereafter cited as Order of Battle (1917-19), ZI (5) Erna Risch, Quartermaster Support of the Army: A History of the Corps, 1775-1939 (Washington, 1962) , pp. 599-600.

 

43 (1) Beaver, Newton D. Baker and the American War Effort, pp. 39-49, 59-61, 93-94. (2) Kreidberg and Henry, History of Military Mobilization, pp. 216, 290-303. (3) Order of Battle (1917-19), ZI, pp. 29-31. (4) Coffman, "The Battle Against Red-Tape," pp. 1-2.

 

44 (1) Col Briant H. Wells, The Transition of the General Staff from Peace to War, Army War College lecture, 10 Sep 22. Miscellaneous Papers No. 10, 1922-1923, pp. 4-6. (2) Risch, Quartermaster Support of the Army, pp. 602-03. (3) Edward M. Coffman, The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968) , p. 24. (4) In a memorandum of 3 September 1917 Mr. Baker claimed that Congress in the Selective Service Act provided only for promotions in the mobile army, not the War Department. He had asked Congress for legislation which would permit promotions within the department, but Congress had not acted on it so far. Baker Papers, Box 240 (1917-M) . (5) The quotation is from a letter of Maj. Gen. Henry T. Allen of 18 March 1918 to General Pershing. Papers of General of the Armies John J. Pershing, Library of Congress. I am obliged to Lt. Col. Heath Twichell who has written an excellent biography of General Allen for calling my attention to this letter.

 

45 (1) Kreidberg and Henry, History of Military Mobilization, pp. 216, 290-92. (2) Order of Battle (1917-19), ZI, pp. 30-31. (3) Annual Report of the Chief of Staff, 1919, pp. 292-93. (4) Coffman, The Hilt of the Sword, pp. 41, 47. (5) Memo, Ralph Hayes for the Secretary of War, 29 Dec. 17. Baker Manuscripts, Box 255 (Hayes-Baker Correspondence).

 

46 (1) Kreidberg and Henry. History of Military Mobilization, pp. 221-22, 234. (2) Order of Battle (1917-19), ZI, pp. .549-675. (3) Report of the Chief of Staff. War Department Annual Report, 1919, pt. 1, pp. 467-71. (4) Coffman, The Hilt of the Sword, pp. 113-18. (5) Beaver, Newton D. Baker and the American War Effort, pp. 185-87. (6) Memo, AGO, 3 Jan 17, sub: Strength of Troops on Mexican Border. Baker Manuscripts.

 

47 (1) Beaver, Newton 1). Baker and the American War Effort, p. 62. (2) Quotation from Baker War College Lecture, p. 6.

 

48 Quoted in Dickinson, The Building of an Army, pp. 282-83.

 

49 (1) Alfred D. Chandler, "The Large Industrial Corporation in the Making of the Modern American Economy," in Stephen E. Ambrose, ed., Institutions in Modern America: Structure and Process (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1967) , pp. 71-101. (2) Robert E. Wiebe, The Search for Order, 1877-1920 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1968) . (3) Gabriel Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1963) . Of course, Kolko turned the industrialists' rational search for order upside down to fit a typical populist, agrarian conspiracy theory.

 

50   Hugh S. Johnson, The Blue Eagle From Egg to Earth (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran. 1935) , p. 90.

 

51 (1) Baruch, The Public Years, pp. 43-62. (2) Report of the Chief of Staff, War Department Annual Report, 1919, pp. 245-47. (3) Risch, Quartermaster Support o/ the Army, pp. 609-13. (4) History of the Organization and Functions of the Central Statistical Office of the Chief of Staff, in Department of the Army World War 11 Statistics, c. 1947, pp. 1-2. Manuscript in OCMH. (5) Koistinen, "The Industrial Military Complex," pp. 388-90. (6) Memo, Col Frederick B. Wells, Director of Storage, for Historical Branch (PS&T)  7 Mar 19, sub: Development of Storage. File 029 (Storage Div.), PS&T files, RG 165, NARS. (7) Testimony of General Burr, Army Reorganization Hearings, 1919-20, pp. 441-62. Quotation from p. 446.

 

52 (1) Report of the Chief of Staff, 1919, pp. 246-47, 342. (2) Walker D. Hines. War History of American Railroads (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928) , p. 13. (3) Albro Martin, Enterprise Denied: Origins of the Decline of American Railroads, 1897-1917 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971) , p. 346.

 

53 (1) Memo, Wells for Historical Branch, PS&T, 7 Mar 19. (2) Benedict Crowell and Robert F. Wilson, The Road to France (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1921) , p. 115.

 

54 (1) Beaver, "Newton D. Baker and the Genesis of the War Industries Board," p. 51. (2) The most sophisticated, detailed and thorough treatment of the WIB is Robert D. Cuff, The War Industries Board: Business-Government Relations during World War I (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973) .

55 Dickinson, The Building of an Army, quotation on p. 286.

 

56 (1) Risch, Quartermaster Support of the Army, pp. 605-09. (2) Report of the Chief of Staff, War Department Annual Report, 1919, pp. 347-49, 378-81, 420-21, 715.

 

57 Information on Mr. Ingraham indicates he was a deserving Democrat who had been elected mayor of Portland, Maine, in 1915. President Wilson in December 1917 appointed him Surveyor of Customs in Portland, a job he held until 1922.

 

58 (1) Benedict Crowell and Robert F. Wilson, The Armies of Industry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1921) , pp. 11-12. (2) Beaver, "Newton D. Baker and the Genesis of the War Industries Board," pp. 51-54. (3) Testimony of General Burr, Army Reorganization Hearings, p. 442. (4) War Department General Orders 159, 19 Dec 17, 167, 28 Dec 17, and 5, 11 Jan 18.

 

59 Crowell and Wilson, The Armies of Industry, pp. 237-38.

 

60 (1) War Department General Order 24, 8 Mar 18. (2) In 1919 Thorne was awarded the DSM for "unusually meritorious services in the reorganization of the services of supply." War Department General Order 18, 27 Jan 19. (3) The best summary treatment of General Goethals' work as Acting Quartermaster General is in Risch, Quartermaster Support of the Army, pp. 630-36. There is a serious need for a detailed account of General Goethals' wartime activities. (4) Information on Mr. Adams is from Maj. W. M. Adriance, Capt. S. T. Dana, and 1st Lt. James R. Douglas, Draft History of the Purchase, Storage, and Traffic Division, circa March 1919. Manuscript in OCMH. In the final, much abbreviated form it became part of the Report of the Chief of Staff, 1919, pp. 388-449. A copy of this draft may be found in File 029 (Organization), PS&T Div., WDGS files, RG 165, NARS.

 

61 Draft Report of Committee Appointed by the Assistant Secretary of War to Plan an Organization for the Office of Director of Purchases and Supplies [hereafter referred to as Report of Committee of Three], undated [April 1919]. File 029 (PS&T), PS&T files, RG 165, NARS.

 

62 Chandler, Strategy and Structure, p. 233.

 

63 (1) Ibid., p. 233. (2) Risch, Quartermaster Support o/ the Army, p. 633. (3) General Peyton C. March, The Nation at War (Garden City: Doubleday, Doran and Co., Inc., 1932) , pp. 187-88. (4) War Department General Order 46, 9 May 18. (5) By War Department General Order 18 of 27 January 1919, Wood received the DSM for his work in "the reorganization and operation of the services of supply."

 

64 (1) Johnson, The Blue Eagle From Egg to Earth, p. 91. (2) By War Department General Order 18 of 27 January 1919 Johnson received the DSM for his work in "planning and executing the draft laws."

 

65 (1) Johnson, The Blue Eagle From Egg to Earth, pp. 87-93, 97. (2) Adriance, Dana, and Douglas, Draft History of the Purchase, Storage, and Traffic Division, pp. 28-29, 47. (3) For an account of how General Johnson's son, Col. Kilbourne Johnston, similarly attempted without success to rationalize the Army's logistics system after World War 11, see Chapter V below.

 

66 (1) Beaver, Newton D. Baker and the American War Effort, p. 168. (2) Order of Battle (1917-19), ZI, pp. 15, 18. (3) War Department General Order 44, 7 May 18.

 

67 (1) Beaver, Newton D. Baker and the American War Effort, pp. 168-71. (2) War Department General Order 81, 28 Aug 18. (3) Order of Battle (1917-19), Zl, p. 18.

 

68 (1) Order of Battle (1917-19), ZI, p. 18. (2) Coffman, The War to End All Wars, p. 70.

 

69 War Department General Order 14, 9 Feb 18.

 

70 Koistinen, "The Industrial-Military- Complex." pp. 394-95.

 

71 (1) Order of Battle (1917-19),ZI, pp. 32-39. (2) Baruch, The Public Years, pp. 56-58. (3) Koistinen, "The Industrial-Military Complex," pp. 399-400. (4) Grosvenor Clarkson, Industrial America in the World War: The Strategy Behind the Lines, 1917-1918 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1923) , pp. 40-64. In order to avoid an unpleasant confrontation President Wilson did not appoint Mr. Baruch until Baker was on his way to France. Baker simply had to accept a fait accompli. (5) See also Cuff, The War Industries Board.

 

72 War Department General Orders 22, 2 Mar 18, and 53, 27 May 18.

 

73 March in The Nation at War freely admitted his lack of tact in dealing with Congress, pp. 350-51.

 

74 (1) Coffman, The Hilt of the Sword, pp. 62-63. (2) Coffman, The War to End All Wars, pp. 166-67.

 

75 See Appendix A, pp. 382. 385, 387.

 

76 (1) Nelson, National Security and the General Stag, pp. 261-62. (2) Order of Battle (1917-19), ZI, pp. 33, 35, 42. (3) Coffman, "The Battle Against Red Tape." (4) History of the Organization and Functions of the Central Statistical Office of the Chief of Staff, pp. 1-3. (5) Report of the Chief of Staff, War Department Annual Report, 1919, pp. 443-45. (6) Memo, Col. Percy P. Bishop for the Chief of Staff, 5 Apr 18. Copy in OCMH. (7) Baruch, The Public Years, pp. 56-58. (8) Clarkson. Industrial America in the World War, p. 201. (9) Quotation is from War Department General Order 80, 26 Aug 18, sec. 2a.

 

77 (1) March, The Nation at War, pp. 43-53. (2) Report of the Adjutant General, Annual Report of the War Department, 1918, pp. 202-17, and Annual Report of the War Department, 1919, pp. 538-41. (3) Coffman, The War to End All Wars, pp. 125-26.

 

78 (1) Risch, Quartermaster Support of the Army, pp. 627-29. (2) Report of the Chief of Staff, 1919, pp. 344-46. (3) Koistinen, "The Industrial-Military Complex," pp. 389, 395-96.

 

79 Frederick P. Keppel, "The General Staff," Atlantic Monthly, CXXV (April 1920) , 543.

 

80 Johnson, The Blue Eagle Front Egg to Earth, pp. 91, 93.

 

81 In Report of Committee of Three.

 

82 Report of the Chief of Staff, 1919, p. 351.

 

83 (1) Report of Committee of Three. (2) The best historical account of the frustrated attempts to set up uniform statistics among the bureaus is by Lt. Col. Rodney Hitt, Chief, Statistics and Requirements Branch, PS&T, Organization and Activities of the Statistics and Requirements Branch, Office of the Director of Purchase, Storage, and Traffic, manuscript circa early 1919 on which the following account is based. File 029 (Statistical Requirements Branch) , PS&T Files, RG 165, NARS.

 

84 Report of Committee of Three, pp. 16-18.

 

85 (1) Col. Frederick P. Wells, Development of Storage Organization, p. 2. (2) Adriance, Dana, and Douglas, Draft History of the Purchase, Storage, and Traffic Division, pp. 203-11.

 

86 (1) Johnson, The Blue Eagle From Egg to Earth, p. 91. (2) Hitt, Organization and Activities of the Statistics and Requirements Branch.

 

87 (1) March, The Nation at War, pp. 47-48. (2) Clarkson, Industrial America in the World War, p. 201. (3) Report of the Chief of Staff, 1919, pp. 443-45.

 

88 (1) General Order 36, 16 Apr 18. (2) Johnson, The Blue Eagle From Egg to Earth, p. 89-91. (3) Baruch, The Public Years, p. 51.

 

89 Hitt, Organization and Activities of the Statistics and Requirements Branch, p. 7. 

 

90 Johnson, The Blue Eagle From Egg to Earth, pp. 91-94, 97. 

 

91 (1) Adriance, Dana, and Douglas, Draft History of the Purchase Storage, and Traffic Division, pp. 36-40. (2) Report of the Chief of Staff, 1919, pp. 355-57.

 

92 Memo, Gen Goethals for Chief of Staff, 18 Jul 18, sub: Organization of Supply System, pp. 1-24. File 029 (Supply System) , PS&T files, RG 165 NARS. Quotations from p. 10.

 

93 (1) War Department General Orders 38, 18 Apr 18, and 75, 15 Aug 18. (2) Order of Battle (1917-19), ZI, pp. 314-19.

 

94 Report of the Quartermaster General, 1919, pp. 784-85.

 

95 War Department General Order 86. 18 Sep 18. 

 

96 Order of Battle (1917-19), ZI, p. 231. 

 

97 Adriance, Dana, and Douglas, Draft History- of the Purchase, Storage. and Traffic Division, p. 228.

 

98 Order of Battle (1917-19), ZI, pp. 430-43.

 

99 (1) Report of the Chief of Staff, Annual Report of the War Department, 1919, pp. 410-14. (2) War Department Supply Circular 398, 11 Oct 18.

 

100 (1) Order of Battle (1917-19), ZI, pp. 92-105, 130-34, 492-93, 540-47. (2) War Department General Orders 51, 21 May 18, and 62, 28 Jun 18. (3) On production of military aircraft, see Irving B. Holley, jr., Ideas and Weapons: Exploitation of the Aerial Weapon by the United States During World War 1: A Study in the Relationship of Technological Advance, Military, Doctrine, and the Development of Weapons (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953) .

 

101 Report of the Chief of Staff, 1919, pp. 252-53.

 

102 (1) Testimony of Maj Gen Merritte W. Irland, Surgeon General, Army Reorganization Hearings, 1919-20, pp. 464-65. (2) Testimony of Maj Gen C. G. Williams, Chief of Ordnance, Army Reorganization Hearings, 1919-20, pp. 489-536. Quotation from p. 493.

 

103 Johnson, The Blue Eagle From Egg to Earth, pp. 93-94.

 

104 War Department Bulletin No. 25, 9 Jun 20, Amendments to the National Defense Act.

 

105 (1) Ibid. (2) War Department General Order 20, 12 Aug 20, sec. II Duties of the Assistant Secretary of War. (3) Goldthwaite Dorr, Certain Aspects of War Department Supply Reorganization., 1917-18, 1920,  

and 1942, pp. 10-14. Seminar on the reorganization of the War Department of 9 Mar 42, 14 Jun 45, Department of Research, Army Industrial College. (4) Goldthwaite Dorr, Memorandum-Notes on the Activities of an Informal Group in Connection With Supply Reorganization in the War Department, Jan-May 42, c. early 1946, pp. 5-6. Copy in OCMH.

 

106 (1) Nelson, National Security and the General Staff, pp. 299-300. (2) War Department General Order 41, 16 Aug 21, and Army Regulation 10-15, 15 Nov 22. (3) Kreidberg and Henry, History of Military Mobilization, pp. 380-81. (4) See Hagood, Services of Supply, pp. 358-85, for a criticism of applying the pattern of a tactical headquarters to the organization of a civilian cabinet agency.

 

107 (1) Stetson Conn, Rose C. Engelman, and Byron Fairchild, Guarding the United States and Its Outposts, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II (Washington, 1964) , p. 17. (2) War Department General Orders 50, 20 Aug 20, and 75, 23 Dec 20.

 

108 (1) Preliminary Report of the Committee on Nucleus for General Headquarters in the Field in the Event of Mobilization, 11 Jul 21, in The National Defense, pp. 571-73. (2) Ray S. Cline, Washington Command Post: The Operations Division, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR 11 (Washington, 1951) , pp. 20-21. (3) Kreidberg and Henry, History of Military Mobilization, p. 432. (4) Army Regulation 10-15, 18 Aug 36. (5) Statement of General Marshall to the Secretary, re: Single Department of Defense, 18 Apr 44, pp. 1-4. Stimson Manuscripts. Copy in OCMH.

 

109 See Chapter 11, pages 59-60.

 

110 (1) Marshall Statement, re: Single Department of Defense, 18 Apr 44, pp. 1-4. (2) Nelson, National Security and the General Staff, pp. 284-87, 310-11. (3) Paul A. C. Koistinen, "The Industrial-Military Complex in Historical Perspective: The Inter-War Years," Journal of American History (March 1970) .

 

111 (1) Nelson, National Security and the General Staff, p. 300. (2) Wesley F. Craven and James L. Cate. eds., Plans and Early Operations, January 1939 to August 1942, vol. I, "The Army Air Forces in World War II" (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948) , pp. 1-32. (3) See Irving B. Holley, jr., Buying Aircraft: Materiel Procurement for the Army Air Forces, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II (Washington, 1964) , pp. 43-79, for a detailed treatment of the air arm's fortunes between the wars.

 

112 (I) Mark S. Watson, Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans and Preparations, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II (Washington, 1950) , pp. 23-56. (2) John W. Killigrew, The Impact of the Great Depression on the Army, 1929-1936. Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, 1960. Copy in OCMH. (3) Precedent and History Section, AGO, Quotations of War Department Spokesmen Relative to the Inadequacy of the National Defense During the Period 1919-1941, c. Sep-Oct 46. In Cater files (1941) , OCMH.

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