Endnotes for Chapter II

1 (1) For the Harbord Board report, see Chapter 1, pages 52-53. (2) Cline, Washington Command Post, pp. I-39. (3) Kreidberg and Henry, History of Military Mobilization, pp. 373-587. (4) R. Elberton Smith, The Army and Economic Mobilization, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II (Washington, 1959) , pp. 73-112. The so-called color plans developed in the War Plans Division were contingency plans and not considered by the rest of the General Staff as part of their daily operational planning.

2 (1) Maurice Matloff, Mr. Roosevelt's Three Wars: F. D. R. as War Leader, Harmon Memorial Lectures in Military History, USAF Academy, 1964, pp. 3-10. (2) Vernon E. Davis, The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in World War 11, Organizational Developments, Vol. 1, Origin of the Joint and Combined Chiefs of Staff, Historical Division, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1972, pp. 53-59, 221. (3) S. Doc. 170, 82d Cong., 2d sess., The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation, Annotation of Cases Derided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 30, 1952. For cases and interpretations concerning the President as Commander in Chief of the armed forces, see Article 11, Section 2, Clause 1, pages 389-90, 403-05.

3 (1) Morison, Turmoil and Tradition, pp. 395-96. 402-03, 411. (2) Forrest C. Pogue, George C. Marshall: Ordeal and Hope, 1939-1942 (New York: The Viking Press, 1966) , pp. 20-22, 39-40. (3) Elliott Roosevelt, ed., F. D. R.: His Personal Letters, 1929-1945 (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pierce, 1950) , vol. 11, pp. 1041-44. F. D. R. to Woodring, 19 June and 25 June 1940. The evidence suggests Roosevelt was moved to appoint a senior Republican as Secretary of War as a means of avoiding the mistakes of President Wilson in refusing to adopt a bipartisan approach toward World War I.

4 Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, p. 664.

5 (1) Cline, Washington command Post, pp. 21-22, 41-42. (2) Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, pp. 19-45. (3) Morison, Turmoil and Tradition, pp. 895-414. (4) Theodore Wyckoff, The Office of Secretary of War Under Henry L. Stimson, 1940-1945, ch. III. pp. 1-26, ch. IV, pp. 1-36. Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton, 1960. Copy in OCMH files. (5) Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, pp. 452-502.

6 (1) National Archives and Records Service, GSA, Federal Records of World War II: Military Agencies (Washington, 1951) , vol. II, pp. 70-80, 720-22. (2) Annual Report of the Secretary of the Army, 1948 (Washington, 1949) , pp. 257-58, 317-18. (3) Ulysses Lee, The Employment of Negro Troops, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II (Washington, 1966) , pp. 79-80. (4) Conn, Engelman, and Fairchild, Guarding the United States, p. 312. (5) Executive Order 8232, 5 Sep 39.

7 (1) Nelson, National Security and the General Stag, pp. 318-22. (2) Smith, The Army and Economic Mobilization, pp. 73-112.

8 Quotation from Turmoil and Tradition, A Study of the Life and Times of Henry L. Stimson by Elting E. Morison, p. 414. Copyright C 1960 by Elting E. Morison. Reprinted by permission of Houghton Mifflin Company.

9 (1) Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p. 9. (2) Nelson, National Security and tile General Staff, pp. 314-30.

10 (1) Chandler, "Management Decentralization: An Historical Analysis." (2) David Novick, "Origin and History of Program Budgeting," RAND Corporation Paper No. P-3427, Oct 66. Reprinted in 90th Cong., 1st sess., Committee Print. Planning-Programming-Budgeting: Selected Comment, prepared by the Subcommittee on National Security and International Operations of the Committee on Government Operations, U.S. Senate (Washington, 1967) , pp. 28-29.

11 Marshall War College Lecture, 19 Sep 22, pp. 14-15.

12 (1) Nelson, National Security and the General Staff, pp. 329, 390. (2) Morison, Turmoil and Tradition, pp. 402-07, 446-47. (3) Watson, Chief of Staff, pp. 57-81. (4) Cline, Washington Command Post, pp. 24-28, 37-39. (5) Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p. 238. (6) Reorganization of the War Department: Discussion With General Marshall, 5 Sep 45, pp. 1-3. Typed memorandum in Patch-Simpson Board files, copy in OCMH. (7) See the testimony of General McNarney in Patch-Simpson Board files, pp. 15-21.

13 (1) Watson, Chief of Staff, pp. 69-78. (2) Cline, Washington Command Post, pp. 20-30. (3) John D. Millett, The Organization and Role of the Army Service Forces, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II (Washington, 1954) , pp. 11-22. (4) Richard M. Leighton and Robert W. Coakley, Global Logistics and Strategy: 1940-1943, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR 11 (Washington, 1955) , pp. 79-80.

14 (1) Morison, Turmoil and Tradition, p. 418. (2) Smith, The Army and Economic Mobilization, pp. 444-47. (3) War Department Bulletin No. 15, 16 Dec 41. (4) Lenore Fine and Jesse A. Remington, The Corps of Engineers: Construction in the United States, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II (Washington, 1972) , pp. 244-72.

15 (1) Nelson, National Security and the General Staff, p. 329. (2) Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, pp. 49, 84-86, 282, 290-91. (3) Cline, Washington Command Post, pp. 21-23, 67-70. (4) Wesley F. Craven and James L. Cate, eds., Men and Planes, vol. VI, "The Army Air Forces in World War 11" (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1955) , pp. 12-28. (5) See War Department General Order 6, 14 Jun 40, on the appointment of General Bryden.

16 Mary Lee Stubbs and Stanley Russell Connor, Armor-Cavalry, Part 1: Regular Army and Army Reserve, ARMY LINEAGE series (Washington, 1969) , p. 54.

17 (1) See War Department General Order 7, 15 Aug 40, on General Moore's appointment as Deputy Chief of Staff. (2) Stubbs and Connor, Armor-Cavalry, pp. 48-58, 75. (3) Coffman, The Hilt of the Sword, p. 245.

18 (1) Cline, Washington Command Post, pp. 11, 61-67. (2) Kent Roberts Greenfield, Robert R. Palmer, and Bell I. Wiley, The Organization of Ground Combat Troops, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR 11 (Washington, 1947) , pp. 1-30, 128-42. (3) Kent Roberts Greenfield, A Short History of the Army Ground Forces, Army Ground Forces Historical Study No. 10, c. 1944, pp. 1-19. Copy in OCMH. (4) See Chapter I, pages 27-28, for the same problem encountered by the War College in 1917-18. (5) Interview, Cline with Brig Gen Harry J. Malony, 6 Aug 46. 1n Col Frederick S. Haydon 1942 Reorganization Notes, Cater files, OCMH.

19 (1) Marshall Statement, re: Single Department of Defense, 18 Apr 44. Stimson Correspondence files. Stimson Manuscripts. (2) Cline, Washington Command Post, p. 90, is the source of the quotation.

20 Summary of Patch-Simpson Board interview with General Marshall, 5 Sep 45. Patch-Simpson Board files.

21 Interview, Patch-Simpson Board with Brig Gen William K. Harrison, 8 Oct 45. Patch-Simpson Board files.

22 Interview, Patch-Simpson Board with General Joseph T. McNarney, 26 Sep 45. Patch-Simpson Board files.

23 (1) Solis S. Horwitz, later Assistant Secretary of Defense for Administration under Secretary McNamara, asserted the principle that the only way to decentralize or delegate authority for operations is to centralize executive control first as General Marshall did. Solis S. Horwitz, Secretary McNamara's Concept of Management, speech before U.S. Army Management School, Ft. Belvoir, Va., 20 Jun 63. Reprinted in U.S. Army Management School, Ft. Belvoir, Va., "Management Views," Selected Speeches, 1962-1963, vol. VIII, pt. 2, pp. 452-58. (2) See comments by Brig Gen John H. Hilldring, the G-1, in OCS, Notes on Conference in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff at 10:50 a.m., Thursday, February 5, 1942 [hereafter cited as Reorganization Conference, 5 Feb 421, p. 4. Collected in OCS, Notes on Conferences1942 file. Copy in Cater files (1942 Reorganization folder) , OCMH.

24 (1) War Department Circular 59, 2 Mar 42. (2) Marshall to Palmer, 12 Mar 42. Copy furnished OCMH by Dr. Forrest C. Pogue. (3) McNarney Interview, pp. 12-13.

25 See General Marshall's comments in Notes on a Conference in the Office of the Chief of Staff, November 3, 1941, WPD Conference Notes. Copy in Reorganization Conference, 5 Feb. 42, file. See also pp. 70-71 below.

26 (1) McNarney Interview, pp. 11-12. (2) Col. Frederick S. Haydon, "War Department Reorganization, August 1941-March 1942," Military Affairs, XVI, No. 3 (1952) , 110-11. (3) Interview, Hewes with General Creighton W. Abrams, one of the earliest officers to join the armored forces, 9 Aug 72. (4) Interview, Hewes with Col R. W. Argo, Jr., 21 Nov 72.

27 (1) OCS, Memo, Col John R. Deane, SGS, for Assistant Chiefs of Staff 8 Mar 42, sub: Functions and Procedures, War Department General Staff, quoted in Nelson, National Security and the General Staff, pp. 366-69. (2) War Department Circular 59, 2 Mar 42.

28 (1) The chronology here follows the account of Col. Frederick S. Haydon, "War Department Reorganization, August 1941-March 1942," Military Affairs, XVI No. 1, (1952) , 12-29, and No. 3, 97-114. (2) Marshall to Palmer, 12 Mar 42. (3) Colonel Haydon identified a proposal referred to in Nelson, National Security and the General Staff, pp. 335-37, as Colonel Harrison's 1940 draft.

29 Interview, Cline with General Harrison, 16 Apr 47. In Haydon 1942 Reorganization Notes, Cater files.

30 (1) Haydon, "War Department Reorganization, August 1941-March 1942," pp. 102-05. (2) Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, pp. 292-93. Quotation from p. 293. (3) Interview, Haydon with McNarney, 4 Aug 49. Haydon 1942 Reorganization Notes.

31 (1) Haydon, "War Department Reorganization, August 1941-March 1942," pp. 106-10. (2) Reorganization Conference, 5 Feb 42. (3) Marshall to Palmer, 12 Mar 42.

32 (1) Dorr Memorandum, p. 15. (2) Millett Army Service Forces, pp. 31-32. (3) Robert W. Coakley, The ASF, Its Creation, Role, and Demise, in Three Studies on the Historical Development of Army Logistical Organization, prepared for the Board of Inquiry on Army Logistics Organization (the Brown Board) , Jul 66, pp. 1-5. In OCMH. Hereafter cited as Brown Board Historical Development of Army Logistics.

33 (1) Millett, Army Service Forces, pp. 26-31. (2) Dorr Memorandum, pp. 1-4.

34 Stimson Diary, entry of 18 Feb 42.

35 (1) Stimson Diary, entries of 2, 7, 18, 20, and 21 Feb 42. (2) Haydon, "War Department Reorganization, August 1941-March 1942," pp. 108-14. (3) Stimson to F. D. R., 20 Feb 42: Roosevelt to Stimson, 26 Feb 42. Copies in Haydon 1942 Reorganization Notes.

36 McNarney Interview, Patch-Simpson Board files.

37 (1) Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, pp. 289-98. (2) Morison, Turmoil and Tradition, pp. 415-20, 446-50. Mr. Lovett's comment is quoted on pages 417-18.

38 For the testimony of both sides before the Patch-Simpson Board, see Chapter IV, pages 146-51.

39 (1) Nelson, National Security and the General Staff, pp. 490-92. (2) Cline, Washington Command Post, pp. 24-25, 96-142. (3) Millett, Army Service Forces, pp. 110-23.

40(1) Cline, Washington Command Post, pp. 131-42, 188-212, 269-89. (2) Robert W. Coakley and Richard M. Leighton, Global Logistics and Strategy: 1943-1945, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR 11 (Washington, 1968) , pp. 104-09.

41 (1) Kent Roberts Greenfield and Robert R. Palmer, "Origins of the Army Ground Forces: General Headquarters, United States Army, 1940-1942," in Greenfield, Palmer, and Wiley, The Organization of Ground Combat Troops, pp. 1-31, 128-52. (2) Greenfield, A Short History of Army Ground Forces, pp. 1-13, 17-23, 55. (3) Morison, Turmoil and Tradition, pp. 446-47. (4) See Chandler, Strategy and Structure, pp. 391-95, for similar administrative problems concerning research, planning, and operations in industry.

42 Greenfield, A Short History of Army Ground Forces, pp. 46-48 and Appendix I.

43 (1) Ibid., pp. 38-48 and Appendix 1. (2) D. L. McCaskey, The Role of Army Ground Forces in the Development of Equipment, Army Ground Forces Study No. 34, 1946, pp. 1-31, 37-53. Draft manuscript, copy in OCMH. (3) Constance McL. Green, Harry C. Thomson, and Peter C. Roots, The Ordnance Department: Planning Munitions for War, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II (Washington, 1955) , pp. 234-45. The problems of research and development in the Army during World War 11 are discussed in Chapter III, pages 120-26.

44 (1) William A. Goss, "Origins of the Army Air Forces," in Craven and Cate, Men and Planes pp. 19-31. (2) Chase C. Moonev, Organization of the Army Air Arm, 1935-1945, Army Air Forces Historical Studies No. 10 (revised), Air Historical Office, Hq., Army Air Forces, Apr 47, pp. 11-52. (3) Nelson, National Security and the General Staff, pp. 322-28.

45 (1) Goss, "Origins of AAF," pp. 33-57. (2) Mooney, Organization of the Army Air Arm, pp. 53-81. (3) Nelson, National Security and the General Staff, pp. 409-13. (4) L. V. Howard and Chase C. Mooney, Development of Administrative Planning and Control in the AAF, Army Air Forces Historical Studies No. 28 (revised) , Air Historical Office, Hq., Army Air Forces, Aug 46, pp. 45-49.

46 (1) Bruce L. R. Smith, The RAND Corporation: Case Study of a Nonproft Advisory Corporation (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966) , p. 3. (2) Goss, "Origins of AAF," pp. 36-39, 43. (3) Mooney, Organization of the Army Air Arm, pp. 78, 80, 82-88. (4) Howard and Mooney, Administrative Planning and Control in the AAF, pp. 37, 95-101. For further discussion of manpower and personnel problems, see Chapter 111, pages 115-20.

47 (1) Goss, "Origins of AAF," p. 37. (2) Mooney, Organization of the Army Air Arm, pp. 86-87. (3) Howard and Mooney, Administrative Planning and Control in the AAF, pp. 26-35, 45-85.

48 (1) Goss, "Origins of AAF," pp. 37-39. (2) Mooney, Organization of the Army Air Arm, pp. 86-87. (3) USAF Historical Division, Air Historical Study No. 57. Statistical Control in the Army Air Forces, Air University, January 1952, pp. 12-22. (4) Nelson, National Security and the General Staff, pp. 417-23. (5) A former Harvard Business School professor, Lt. Col. Robert S. McNamara, was assigned to develop statistical procedures for managing the AAF's worldwide inventories. William S. Kaufmann, The McNamara Strategy (New York: Harper and Row, 1964) , pp. 44-45.

49 (1) Goss, "Origins of AAF," pp. 40-43. (2) Mooney, Organization of the Army Air Arm, p. 88. (3) Statistical Control in the AAF, pp. 15, 21-22, 84-87. (4) See Arthur B. Ferguson, "Origins of the Combined Bomber Offensive;" in Wesley F. Craven and James L. Cate, eds., Europe: TORCH to POINTBLANK, August 1942December 1943, vol. 11, "The Army Air Forces in World War Il (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949) , pp. 348-70, for a detailed account of the origins, methods, and early work of the Operations Analysis Division. (5) L. R. Thiesmayer and J. E. Burchard, Combat Scientists (Boston: Little Brown, 1947) , pp. 23-30, 79-81, 184-86. (6) Smith, The RAND Corporation, pp. 6-38, 160-63. (7) Bernard and Fawn Brodie, From Crossbow to H-Bomb (New York: Bell, 1962) , paperback original, pp. 268-78. (8) Don K. Price, Government and Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962) , paperback edition, pp. 126-29.

50 (1) Goss, "Origins of AAF," pp. 47-48. (2) Mooney, Organization of the Army Air Arm, pp. 74-76, 91-98. (3) Statistical Control in the AAF, pp. 19-22. (4) Nelson, National Security and the General Staff, pp. 413-17. (5) Merton J. Peck and Frederic M. Scherer, The Weapons Acquisition Process, An Economic Analysis (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962) , pp. 79-85.

51 (1) Mooney, Organization of the Army Air Arm, pp. 90-91. (2) Howard and Mooney, Administrative Planning and Control in the AAF, pp. 36-37, 43-44. (3) Smith, The RAND Corporation, pp. 30-52. For further discussion of this problem, see pages 96-97 and Chapters IV through XI passim.

52 (1) Statement by Maj Gen Miller G. White to Committee on Military Affairs, United States Senate, 14 Nov 45. Mimeographed handout included as Tab A to Summary of History of Personnel Division, G-1, War Department General Staff, World War 11. Manuscript copy in OCMH. (2) Director of Personnel, Army Service Forces, History: Office of the Director of Personnel, Army Service Forces (20 July 1942-1 September 1945) , p. 241. Quotation is from this source. Manuscript copy in OCMH.

53 Craven and Cate, Men and Planes, p. 261.

54 (1) Nelson, National Security and the General Staff, pp. 423-425. (2) Alfred Goldberg, "Equipment and Services," in Craven and Cate, Men and Planes, pp. 260-f2. (3) Millett, Army Service Forces, pp. 127-29. (4) Mooney, Organization of the Army Air Arm, pp. 99-102.

55 (1) Millett, Army Service Forces, pp. 20-21, 32-59. (2) John D. Millett, Organizational Problems of the Army Service Forces, 1942-1945, vol. I, December 1945, pp. 2-11. Hereafter cited as ASF Org Hist. Manuscript in OCMH. (3) Smith, The Army and Economic Mobilization, pp. 444-47. (4) James A. Huston, The Sinews of War: Army Logistics, 1775-1953, ARMY HISTORICAL series (Washington, 1966) , p. 485. (5) Dorr Memorandum, pp. 5-18. (6) Leighton and Coakley, Global Logistics and Strategy: 1940-43, pp. 77-80. (7) Nelson, National Security and the General Staff, pp. 428-29. (8) War Department Press Release, 2 Mar 42.

56 (1) Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, pp. 296-98. Quotation from p. 298. See also ch. IV, pp. 139-42 below. (2) Fine and Remington, Construction in the United States, pp. 260-62. (3) Colonel Leavey became the second Chief of Transportation in November 1945 and the Army's first Comptroller in 1948. Styer was Somervell's deputy in the Construction Division and deputy commanding general of ASF. Captain Robinson was head of the Construction Division's Control Office and later head of ASF Control Division. Biographic data from OCMH files.

57 (1) Dorr Memorandum, pp. 36-38. (2) Leighton and Coakley, Global Logistics and Strategy: 1990-43, pp. 224-27. (3) Millett, Army Service Forces, pp. 38-42, 53-56, 177-81, 337-39. (4) Millett, ASF Org. Hist, ch. 111, pp. 1-5. (5) Cline, Washington Command Post, pp. 254-58. (6) Coakley and Leighton, Global Logistics and Strategy: 1943-45, pp. 228-33.

58 (1) Coakley and Leighton, Global Logistics and Strategy: 1943-45, pp. 104-09. (2) Millett, Army Service Forces, pp. III-23, 337-47. (3) Millett. ASF Org Hist, ch. III, pp. 10-12.

59 Millett, ASF Org Hist, pp. 20-27.

60 (1) Richard M. Leighton, History of the Control Division, ASF, 1942-1945, vol. 1, April 1946, pp. 1-5, 20-24, 132-212, 257-65. Manuscript in OCMH. (2) Hq., ASF, Control Division, M 703-7, Control Manual-Simplification and Standardization of Procedures, 1 Sep 44; M 103-4, Control Manual-Work Simplification (Materials Handling), 30 Oct 43; M 703-5, Control Manual-Work Measurement, 15 Jan 45; and M 703-3, Control Manual-Work Simplification, 25 May 44. (3) Clinton F. Robinson, Administrative Management in the Army Service Forces, Public Administration Service Pamphlet No. 90 (Chicago: Public Administration Service, 1944) , pp. 4-13.

61 (1) Green, Thomson, and Roots, Planning Munitions for War, pp. 90-95. (2)
Frederick C. Mosher, Program Budgeting: Theory and Practice (Chicago: Public Administration Service, 1954) , pp. 191, 203.

62 (1) See Chapter I above. (2) Nelson, National Security and the General Staff, pp. 428-35. (3) John D. Millett, "The War Department in World War II," American Political Science Review, XL, No. 5 (October 1946) , 885. (4) Millett, Army Service Forces, pp. 40-42, 298-300. (5) Millett, ASF Org Hist, ch. IV, pp. 2-5. (6) Leighton and Coakley, Global Logistics and Strategy: 1940-43, pp. 228-33.

63 (1) Millett, Army Service Forces, pp. 302-11. (2) Millett, ASF Org Hist, ch. IV, pp. 11-19. (3) Green, Thomson, and Roots, Planning Munitions for War, pp. 83-120. (4) Fine and Remington, Construction in the United States, chs. I and VII. (5) U.S. Congress, Proposal to Establish a Single Department of Armed Forces, Hearings Before the Select Committee on Post-War Military Policy, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 2d sess., Testimony of Rear Adm Joseph R. Redman, Director of Naval Communications, 12 May 44, pp. 208-12. Hereafter cited as Woodrum Committee Hearings. (6) George Raynor Thompson, Dixie R. Harris, Pauline M. Oakes, and Dulany Terrett, The Signal Corps: The Test (December 1941 to July 1943), UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR 11 (Washington, 1957) , pp. 59-61, 536-65.

64 See Chapter IV, below, pages 139-46.

65 Millett, Army Service Forces, pp. 347-54.

66 (I) Ibid., pp. 148-55. (2) Dorr Memorandum, pp. 46-53.

67 Mattie E. Treadwell. The Women's Army Corps, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II (Washington, 1954) , pp. xiv, 31-32, 259-63, 269-77.

68 See pages 115-120 below, and Chapter IV, pages 131-37, for ASF postwar planning activities.

69 (1) Millett. Army Service Forces, pp. 312-37. (2) Millett, ASF Org Hist, ch. V, pp. 1-58.

70 (1) General Patch's comments in interview with General Gerow and others, p. 4, and with General Lutes, p. 18. Patch-Simpson Board files. (2) Nelson, National Security and the General Staff, pp. 393-94.

71 (1) Millett, ASF Org Hist, ch. V111, pp. 12-48. (2) Millett, Army Service Forces, pp. 129-37. (3) Craven and Cate, Men and Planes, pp. 374-75. (4) Millett, "The War Department in World War 11," pp. 886-97.

72 Comments of General Patch in interview with General Gerow. Patch-Simpson Board files, p. 4.