Endnotes for Chapter XIII
1 The 1940 reference is to the SLC meeting mentioned in Chapter IV. The 1941 statement is in the Memo, ACofS WPD for CofS, 3 Nov 41, sub: The Far Eastern Situation, WPD 4369-29, copy in OCS 14513-16: "The primary objective is the defeat of Germany . . . the principal objective in the Far East is to keep Japan out of the war."
2 Ltr, Grunert to Marshall, 1 Sep 40, AG 093.5 Phil Isl (7-2-40).
3 Cordell Hull's Memoirs provide a memorable diplomatic record. The naval aspect, arc treated at length in naval histories, some of the most discerning judgments on Japan's policy in this period being presented in Samuel Eliot Morison, The Rising Stirs In The Pacific (Boston: Little, Brown, 1948), Ch. I. The background of U. S. Army operations is briefly and effectively portrayed in Louis Morton, The Fall Of The Philippines, Ch. II, now in preparation.
4 Report o/ the joint Committee on the Investigation o/ the Pearl Harbor Attack, Congress of the United States, 79th Cong, 2d sess, Document 244, Washington, 1946, and 39 volumes of testimony and exhibits covering not only the hearings the joint Committee held between 15 November 1945 and 31 May 1946, but also those of the Roberts Commission, Admiral Thomas C. Hart, the Army's Pearl Harbor Board, the Navy Court of Inquiry, Col. Carter W. Clarke, Maj. Henry C. Clausen, and Admiral H. Kent Hewitt. These are presented as Committee Exhibits 143-49 in Parts 22-39 of the 39 volumes referred to.
5 Memo, Actg ACofS WPD for CofS, 14 Aug 41, sub: Reinforcement of the Philippines, WPD 3251-55. See also Memo, same (Gerow) for SW, 8 Oct 41, sub: Strategic Concept of the Philippine Islands, WPD 3251-60.
6 Biennial Report of the Chief of Stag . . . NY 1, 1941-June 30, 1943, p. 6.
7 See Memo, Gen Marshall for Hist Div, undated (Apr 49), sub: MS "The Office of the Chief of Staff in World War II." Hist Div files.
8 Ltr, Gen Grunert to Gen Marshall, 1 Sep 40, AGO 093.5 (Phil lsl) 7-2-40.
9 Memo, Gen Embick for CG Phil Dept, 19 Apr 33, sub: Military Policy of U. S., and ist ind by Gen Booth, 25 Apr 33, both in WPD 3251-15.
10 (1) Memo, ACofS WPD for CofS, appd by CofS, 5 Apr 34, WPD 3251. (2) Memo, Lt Col J. H. Cunningham for Col Walter Krueger, WPD, 14 Jul 36, sub: Phil Def Policy, WPD 3251-17. (3) Memo, ACofS WPD for CofS, 21 Aug 39, sub: Mil Policy in the Philippines, WPD 4192, accompanied by an undated memo on this subject bearing corrections signed "G. C. M." (4) Memo, ACofS WPD for CofS, 10 Oct 40, sub: War Dept Policy on Defense of the Phil lsl, WPD 3251-37. (5) Memo, WPD for CofS, 14 Aug 41, sub: Reinforcement of the Phil, WPD 3251-55.
11 Memo, ACofS WPD for CofS, 21 Aug 39, previously cited in n. to (3).
12 Memo, ACofS WPD for CofS, 2 Mar 40, sub: Practicability of Increasing Army Aviation Strength in the Philippines, WPD 4191-3.
13 Ibid.
14 Listed in the 1 Sep 40 letter to Gen Marshall cited in n. 2.
15 Memo, ACofS WPD (Strong) for CofS, 10 Oct 40, sub: War Department Policy Reference Defense of Philippine Islands, AG 093.5 Phil Isl (10-10-40), copy in WD 3251-37.
16 This is noted succinctly on a disposition slip OCS 18136-30, 24 Feb 41, attached to the study. See also memoranda of Col McNarney, of Col Anderson and Col Loomis, WPD, for Col Crawford, 8 Oct 40, WPD 3251-37. All were nonconcurrences, which suggests that the memorandum of 10 October was prepared with a view to providing a decision quite different from that recommended-as actually happened.
17 (1) Rad, Quezon to the President, through Dept of Interior, 6 Aug 40, copies in WPD 3389-34 and in AGO 093.5 Phil Isl (7-2-40). (2) Rad, U. S. High Com to the President, same date. (3) Memo, ACofS WPD for COPS, 7 Sep 40, sub: Proposed Federal Support for Mil Training Program of Phil Govt; also unused draft of Ltr, SW to Secy Interior, all these in same file as (1). Sec also Ltr, Quezon to Sayre, 22 Oct 40, quoted in Ltr, Sayre to President, 24 Oct 40, copy in JB 305, ser 672.
18 Personal Ltr, Grunert to Marshall, 2 Nov 40, AGO 320.2 (11-2-40), copy in WPD 3251-39.
19 Getting such a proclamation ready for announcement was no small feat. On I July 1940 Commissioner Sayre had recommended that, against the possibility of unpredictable events which would interrupt communications, the President should prepare such a proclamation in advance, send it to the Philippines, and, when necessity demanded, have it issued by Presidential order--or in acute emergency by agreement of the Commissioner and the Commanding General. See Rad, Grunert to TAG, 2 Jul 40, in AG 003.5 Phil Isl (7-2-40). Authority to do so was contained in the Philippine Independence Act of 24 March 1934. On 6 July the Chief of Naval Operations turned over the job to the joint Planning Committee. Memo, CNO for JPC, 6 Jul 40, same file. WPD directed the judge Advocate General to prepare a draft. Memo, WPD for TAG, 11 Jul 40, and TAG for JAG, 12 Jul 40, same file. For necessary steps thereafter, see Memo, JAG through TAG for JPC, 23 Jul 40; JPC for JB, 27 Sep 40; JB for SW and SN, 17 Oct 40; SW and SN for Dir Budget to SW, 11 Dec 40, reporting approval by President; WPD for TAG, 19 Dec 40, which shows that General Grunert was actually notified of action on 26 Dec. All arc in the same file. For later stages sec Memo, WPD for CofS, 17 Jul 41, making revision calculated to put the Philippines under Gen MacArthur rather than Gen Grunert, and Ltr, Actg SW to Dir Budget, 18 Jul 41, both in WPD 3251-53. On 26 July the revised order, calling into U. S. service all organized forces of the Philippine Government, was issued and on the same day the new command, U. S. Army Forces in the Far East, was created. Ltr, TAG to CG's of Armies, Corps Areas, etc., 30 Jul 41, sub: Military Order mobilizing the Philippine Army, AG 381 (7-29-41) MB-E-M; and Rad, Marshall to MacArthur, 26 Jul 41, OCS 18136-35.
20 Memo, ACofS WPD (Gerow) for CofS, 20 Nov 40, sub: Calling into Active Service Some or All of the Organized Military Forces of the Philippine Commonwealth Government, AGO 093.5 Phil Isl (7-2-40), copy in WPD 3251-39.
21 Memo, ACofS WPD for CON, 26 Dec 40, sub: Defense of the Phil Isl, aped by Gen Marshall 6 Jan 41, WPD 3251-39.
22 (1) Memo, WPD for TAG, 27 Dec 40, sub: Estimates for Defensive Installations, WPD 3251-42, also speed-up request on 9 Jan 41 in same file. (2) Memo, ACofS WPD for Col Haislip, B&LP Branch, 28 Dec 40, sub: Construction Estimates, Philippine Dept. WPD 3251-42.
23 (1) Memo, ACofS WPD for CofS, 9 Jan 41, sub: Defenses of the Phil Isl, appd by Marshall 21 Jan 41, WPD 3251-39. (2) Memo, SW for the President, 19 Jan 41, no sub, copy in OCS 18812-468.
24 Memo, ACofS WPD (Gerow) for COB, 27 Jan 41, sub: Defenses of the Phil lsl, WPD 3251-39.
25 Ibid.
26 Rad, Gen Marshall to CG Phil Dept, in Memo, CofS for TAG, 11 Feb 41, OCS 15036-9.
27 (1) Memo, Gen Brett for WPD, 11 Feb 41, sub: Estimates for Defensive Installations Phil Isl, WPD study of 5 Feb 41, WPD 3241-42. (2) Memo, CofS for G-1, 13 Feb 41, sub: Phil Isl Pers, OCS 15036-9. (3) Memo, ACofS G-4 for TAG, 13 Feb 41, no sub, WPD 3251-39. (4) Memo, ACofS WPD for G-3, 7 Feb 41, sub: Hq Co Phil Dept, WPD 3251-43. (5) Personal Ltr, Marshall to Grunert, 8 Apr 41, OCS 18812-48. (6) Memo, ACofS WPD for CofS, 24 Apr 41, sub: Defense Phil Dept, WPD 3489-16.
28 Personal Ltr, Marshall to Grunert, 27 Mar 41, no sub, OCS 18812, copy in WPD 3251-46.
29 Personal Ltr, Marshall to Grunert, 2 May 41, OCS 18812-55.
30 Memo, Gen Somervell for Gen Gerow, 31 Dec 41, sub: Production of Equipment, G-4/27963-217, copy in WPD 3640-21.
31 Personal Ltr, MacArthur to Marshall, 1 Feb 43, AG 093.5 Phil Isl (2-1-41) in (7-2-40), copy also in OCS 20891-88 and in WPD 3251-44.
32 (1) Memo, WPD for CofS, 17 Feb 41, sub: Seacoast Artillery, Phil Govt, WPD 3251-44. (2) Personal Ltrs, Marshall to MacArthur and Marshall to Grunert, same date and file. (3) Personal Ltrs, Grunert to Marshall and MacArthur to Marshall, both of 3 Mar 41 and both in AG 093.5 Phil Isl (7-2-40). (4) Memo, WPD for CofS, 19 Mar 41, sub: Seacoast Artillery, and accompanying papers, including Memo, SW for President, marked "OK FDR," 29 Mar 41; also Ltr, TAG to CofOrd, 16 Apr 41, and Memo, CofOrd for TAG, 24 Jul 41, sub: Seacoast Artillery Equipment, Phil Dept, all in AG 093.5 Phil Isl (7-2-40).
33 Extracted from Memo, CofS for the President, 9 Sep 41, no sub, signed by Marshall, OCS 18136-48.
34 Ltr, MacArthur to TAG, 1 Oct 41, sub: Operations Plan R-5, WPD 4175-18, Rainbow 5, Sec 2.
35 Personal Ltr, MacArthur to Marshall, 17 Nov 41, WPD 3251-69.
36 Extract from Rad, Marshall to MacArthur, 28 Nov 41, OCS 18136-132.
37 This was a device originally proposed by President Quezon who pointed out the existence of $52,000,000 in these idle funds, which would not be utilized except by Congressional authority. He favored their use for the much needed defense installations. The proposal met the approval of American authorities in the islands and later, heartily approved by the General Staff, was recommended to Congress, as noted in Memo, ACofS WPD for CofS, 14 Jul 41, sub: Phil Islands, OCS 18812-60. Complexity of legislation prevented Congressional action in advance of Pearl Harbor. The entire file of relevant documents is to be found in WPD 3251-47.
38 Memo, ACofS WPD for CofS, 29 May 41, sub: Consultation with Military Adviser, WPD 3251-49, and Personal Ltr, Marshall to Grunert, same date, same file.
39 This letter, absent from the files of the Department of the Army, is referred to in a personal letter from Marshall to MacArthur, 20 Jun 41, copies of which arc in WPD 3251-50 and OCS 20805-15.
40 See n. 39.
41 Memo, Grunert to TAG, 12 Jun 41, sub: Program of Expenditures, AG 093.5 6-12-41) and WPD 3251-47.
42 Memo, ACofS WPD for CofS, 14 Jul 41, sub: Phil Isl, noted by CofS, OCS 18812-60. The 7 July letter from General MacArthur which it mentions, like those earlier cited, is not in the present files.
43 Memo, ACofS WPD, 16 Jun 41, sub: Defense Reserves, Phil Dept, WPD 3602-21, copy in OCS 18812-59. CofS approval is dated 17 Jul 41.
44 Memo, ACofS WPD for CofS, 17 Jul 41, sub: Emergency Mobilization and Training of the Phil Army, WPD 3251-52.
45 Rad, Marshall to MacArthur, 26 Jul 41, copy in OCS 18136-35. Sec also Rad, Marshall to Grunert, same date and file, advising him of this action. See n. 19 for the elaborate sequence of actions between the High Commissioner's recommendation of this Military Order in July 1940 and its final issuance on 26 July 1941. See also TAG Ltr to CG's Armies and Depts, 30 Jul 41, sub: Military Order Mobilizing the Philippine Army, giving text of President's order of 26 Jul 41, AG 381 (7-29-41) MB-f: M. General Grunert continued as CG, Philippine Dept, until 23 October 1941 when he was relieved and this function added to General MacArthur's as CG, USAFFE; see Memo, DCofS for TAG, 21 Oct 41, sub: Orders for Maj Gen George Grunert and Lt Gen Douglas MacArthur, OCS 18136-78. An AG notation indicates orders were issued 23 October 1941. See also Memo, WPD for Cots, 13 Oct 41, sub: Command in the Philippines, WPD 3251-61, which contrasted prospective strength of MacArthur command and weakness of the U. S. Navy forces in the Far East. It recommended concentration of all forces under MacArthur command and recommended that acceptance of this plan be requested of the Navy. The note bears a skeptical comment by Col (later Lt Gen) W. B. Smith, SGS, and General Marshall's comment: "Hold."
46 Memo, WPD for TAG through SGS, 28 Jul 41, sub: Mission U. S. Army Forces in Far East, containing substance of radiogram for Gen MacArthur, OCS 18136-39.
47 Memo, ACofS WPD for CUES, 30 Jul 41, sub: Additional Armament for the Philippines, appd 30 Jul, OCS 18812-61.
48 (1) Memo, ACofS G-1 for TAG, through SGS, 31 Jul 41, sub: Additional Reserve Officers for Training the Phil Army, OCS 18136-40. (2) Memo, ACofS G-1 for CofS, 15 Aug 41, sub: Regular Army Officers for Duty with the Phil Army, appd by DCofS, 23 Aug 41, G-1/13864-482, copy in OCS 18136-45. (3) Same for same, 19 Aug 41, sub: Additional Regular Officers, copy in OCS 18136-44. (4) Rad, Marshall to MacArthur, 9 Sep 41, quoted in Memo, G-3 for Ws, 12 Nov 41, sub: Reinforcements for the Phil Dept, OCS 18136-103.
49 Entry of 31 Jul 41 in General Gerow's informal office diary of the Period 28 May-6 Sep 41, filed as item 1, Exec 10, P&O files.
50 (1) Grunert to TAG, 12 Jun 41, Program of Expenditures, WPD 3251-47. (2) Testimony of Gen Gerow before Senate Committee on Territories, 6 Oct 41, on S 1529, copy in WPD 3251-47- (3) Memo, COB for MacArthur, 18 Oct 41, sub: USAFFE, WPD 4175-18.
51 Memo, WPD for CofS, 2 Mar 40, sub: Practicability of Increasing Army Aviation Strength in the Philippines, WPD 4192-3.
52 Ltr, Actg CofS (Bryden) to CG USAFFE, 21 Nov 41, sub: U. S.-British Commonwealth Cooperation in the Far East, OCS 18136-107. This is a revision of a letter prepared for General Marshall's signature a few days earlier but apparently returned to WPD for the alteration. See Ltr, CofS to CG USAFFE, 17 Nov 41, sub: U. S.-British Commonwealth Cooperation, WPD 4402-112, accompanied by copy of Memo, CNO for CinC Asiatic Fleet, 7 Nov 41.
53 Memo, ACofS WPD for CofS, 14 Aug 41, sub: Reinforcement for the Philippines, WPD 3251-55. This copy bears the revisions ordered by the OCofS, initialed "SRM" (Lt Col S. R. Mickelson).
54 Summarized from Memo (informal), CofS for Admiral Stark, 12 Sep 41, no sub, OCS 18136-56, with notation "I gave original to Mr. Stimson. GCM."
55 (1) Memo, WPD for TAG, 16 Sep 41, sub: Additional Tank Battalion, appd 24 Sep 41, OCS 18136-60. (2) Memo, WPD for TAG, through DCofS (Moore), 23 Sep 41, sub: Supplies for Phil Army, WPD 4560-1, copy in 18136-61.
56 Memo, CofS for Admiral Stark, 25 Sep 41, sub: Conversion of Troop Transports, signed by Craw. ford, OCS 17396-56-B.
57 Memo, WPD for TAG, 30 Sep 41, sub: Air Facilities in the Far Last, marked "OK GCM," OCS 18136-67.
58 See General Marshall's previously cited Memo (Apr 49) for Historical Division, sub: MS "The Office of the Chief of Staff in World War II."
59 Memo, WPD for CofS, 8 Oct 41, sub: Reinforcements for Phil Army, appd by Marshall to Oct, OCS 181 36-69.
60 Memo, DCofS for .Air (Arnold) for CofS, 8 Oct 41, sub: Tankers for the Philippines, OCS 18136-72.
61 Memo, Gen Gerow, Actg ACofS, for SW, 8 Oct 41, sub: Strategic Concept of the Phil Isl. WD 3251-60. 3251-60.
62 Summarized from Memo, CofS for MacArthur, 18 Oct 41, sub: U. S. Army Forces in the Far East, with incls, WPD 4178-18. See also Memo, MacArthur for TAG, 1 Oct 41, same file, and Memo, CofS for CG USAFFE, 21 Nov 41, sub: United States-British Commonwealth Cooperation in the Far Fast, WPD 4402-112.
63 (1) Memo, DCofS (Moore) for CofS, 28 Oct 41, sub: Shipment of Tanks and S-P Guns, OCS 18136-65-B. (2) Memo, WPD for DCofS, 31 Oct 41, sub: Ammunition for the Philippines and Tab A, OCS 181361-97. (3) Memo, same for CofS, 3 Nov 41.
64 Memo, SW for CofS, 31 Oct 41, sub: Proposed Announcement as to the Rearmament, OCS 14528-27.
65 The detail of these warnings from the diplomatic branch is presented at length in U. S. Dept of State, Peace and War, U. S. Foreign Policy 1931-41.
66 Memo, WPD for ASW (McCloy) anti DCofS (Moore), 10 Nov 41, sub: Shipping for Philippines, WPD 2789-17, copy in OCS 18136-121. Sec also informal Memo, G-3 for DCofS, 12 Nov 41, sub: Reinforcement for the Philippines, G-3/44816, copy in 18136-103.
67 Memo, WPD for CofS, 8 Nov 41, sub: 75-mm. Pack Howitzer Equipment, WPD 849-20, COPY in OCS 18136-99, and Memo, same for same, 12 Nov 41, sub: Machine Guns, Philippine Army, OCS 18136-65.
68 Memo, G-3 for CofS, 14 Nov 41, Reinforcements for the Phil Dept, G-3 44816, copy in OCS 18136-103.
69 (1) Memo, WPD for CofS, 24 Nov 41, sub: Chemical Warfare supplies for the Philippines, OCS 18136-117. (2) Memo, same for DCofS, 26 Nov 41, sub: 37-mm. Gun AA Ammunition, WPD 3602-3, copy in OCS 18136-119.
70 Memo, WPD for SW, 28 Nov 41, sub: Reinforcement of the Philippines, noted by CofS, OCS 18136 -124.
71 Notes on conference in office of CofS, 26 Nov 41. 10:40 A. M., WDCSA 381 Philippines (12-4-41).
72 The use of the term "actual hostilities" was the result of a cynical interjection by General Marshall. General Gerow's draft had sail "a state of war," but the recorder's notes attribute the Chief of Staff's revision to the reasoning that "there is war in China and there is war in the Atlantic at the present time, but in neither case is it declared war."
73 (1) Memo, DCofS for TAG, 21 Oct 41 . sub: Orders for Mai Gen George Grunert and Lt Gen Douglas MacArthur, OCS 18136-78. (2) Memo, WPD for CofS, 13 Oct 41, sub: Command in the Philippines, marked "Hold" by Marshall, WPD 3251-61.
74 Memo, WPD for CofS, 18 Nov 41, sub: Control of Air in the Far East, WPD 4615, copy in OCS 18136-132. The views of Admiral Hart on this and related points are presented in his manuscript "Narrative of Events, Asiatic Fleet, Leading Up to War;" a photostatic cope of which is in the files of the Army Historical Division.
75 Rad, Marshall to MacArthur, 28 Nov 41, OCS 18136-132.
76 Memo, WPD for TAG through SGS, 3 Dec 41, sub: Army and Navy Relations, contains substance of cable for MacArthur, appd by Marshall, WPD 4615, copy in OCS 18136-138.
77 Personal Ltr. Marshall to MacArthur, 5 Dec 41, prepared in WPD, WPD 4615 and OCS 19136-132.
78 Cable, MacArthur to Marshall, 28 Nov 41 (No. 1004), initialed by Marshall, copy in OCS 18136-118.
79 The message will be discussed at greater length in Chapter XV.
page created 12 December 2002