Chapter 9 Endnotes
1 Source materials for American units have
been discussed in notes to Chapter VIII. The German sources for the present
chapter generally are manuscripts prepared by officers taking part in the
operation. The Army Group G KTB contains much on the decision
to defend Metz, as does the OB WEST KTB.
2 Colonel Joachim Siegroth's Kampfgruppe, consisting of the
trainee detachments and school troops, was awarded a special arm band with
the words METZ 1944 in recognition of its battles in September.
3 General der Infanterie Kurt von Tippelskirch,
who had arrived on 30 October to take over the First Army while Knobelsdorff
went on leave, advised that Metz be abandoned at once, citing his personal
experiences as commander of the Fourth Army on the Eastern Front. MS
#B-491.
4 The policy of defending all fortified areas,
even when cut off and surrounded, seems to have been outlined by OKW about
the time Field Marshal Kluge replaced Field Marshal Rundstedt as commander
on the Western Front. Hitler had already formulated such a general policy
for defense on the Russian front. The theory was that fortifications should
be manned with poor troops and arms, prior to the withdrawal of the main field
forces, and then held as long as possible so as to contain large numbers of
the enemy. Many German generals disagreed with this doctrine. General Zimmermann
estimates that Some 200,000 German troops were lost in this manner, without
equivalent gains. On the other hand there were numerous cases in which the
Allied advance was considerably delayed by such tactics. Metz certainly is
one such case. See MS #T-121 (Zimmermann et al.).
5 MS #A-000 (Mellenthin).
6 The 1216th Regiment had been attached
to the 19th VG Division in early November. It occupied positions on
the east bank of the Moselle, just north of Metz.
7 MS #B-079 (Kittel); OB WEST situation maps; Army
Group G KTB, 4 Nov 44.
8 The shuttling of the 5th, 90th, and 95th
Divisions in and out of the XX Corps lines seems to have caused some confusion
among the Germans. A prisoner taken by the 95th Division reported that the
Germans knew that both the 90th and 5th Divisions had been so crippled as
to necessitate their combination in one division, the new 95th. (At least,
as General Twaddle commented, the Germans were correct in concluding that
90+5=95.) Ltr, Gen Twaddle to Hist Div, 17 Jan 49.
9 Irwin Diary; Ltr, Gen Walker to Hist Div,
8 Oct 47; 5th Div G-3 Jnl, 9 Nov 44.
10 MS #B-412 (Einem); MS #B-491 (Tippelskirch).
11 The 17th SS commander was in process of moving
troops to make a limited counterattack, with the objective of retaking the
high ground southeast of Corny, when the American offensive struck.
12 The 818th Tank Destroyer Battalion and the 284th Field
Artillery Battalion had already been attached to support the 5th Division
attack.
13 On the air attack of 9 November see: AAF
Evaluation Board, Effectiveness of Third Phase Tactical Air Operations in
the European Theater, Aug 45; Eighth Air Force Report (MS), pp. 85-94; IX
Bombardment Div Daily Summary, 9 Nov 44; Eighth AF Int Opns Summary, 9 Nov
44. Einem, chief of staff of the XIII SS Corps, says that the bombing
struck the right flank of the corps but did little damage. MS #B-412. However,
General Irwin, 5th Division commander, expressed himself as being "highly
satisfied with the bombing and results obtained." Ltr, Gen Irwin to XX
Corps, 19 Nov 44, in XX Corps G-3 Jnl. Lt. Col. I. P. Murray, G-3, Air, Third
Army, later reported his opinion that one bomb had struck Fort Yser. German
records give considerable attention to the Jabo's (fighter-bombers).
14 The 5th Division G-1 Journal gives these
losses: 3 officers and 117 men in the 10th Infantry; 1 officer and 37 men
in the 2d Infantry (the latter figure is incomplete).
15 MS #A-000 (Mellenthin). The failure of the 48th Division,
on the left of the 17th SS, explains the manner in which the latter
folded on 9-10 November. See Chap. VII, pp. 354-55.
16 At 1710 the 48th Division was ordered
to retire behind the Nied. Three hours later the 17th SS, which no
longer had contact with the 48th, received orders to retire to an east-west
line generally north of Corny-Pouilly-Sorbey. This withdrawal ultimately placed
the 17th SS at right angles to the 48th. Army Group G KTB, 11
Nov 44.
17 Irwin Diary.
18 Second Infantry Regiment; MS #A-871 (Feuchtinger).
19 Two more counterattacks were thrown against
the 2d Infantry bridgehead on the morning of 14 November. Prisoners later
said that 750 troops had been used and that only one-third of this number
remained as effectives when the German effort was finally halted. Second
Infantry Regiment. The following units that were engaged in the defeat
of the initial German attacks were awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation:
E Company, 2d Infantry; 1st Section, 3d Platoon, H Company; 1st Platoon, A
Company, 735th Tank Battalion.
20 Irwin Diary, 14 and 16 Nov 44.
21 The capture of these woods forced the southern enemy
artillery groupment to displace to Fort Queuleu and curtailed German observation.
22 An artillery forward observer with the
5th Division, 2d Lt. Lee R. Jamison, here called for artillery fire on his
own observation post in order to break up a German counterattack which threatened
a weak portion of the American line. He was awarded the DSC.
23 On this date Sgt. Richard L. Marnell, E Company, 11th
Infantry, displayed valor for which he received the DSC. When his platoon
was checked by fire from antiaircraft and machine gun positions Sergeant Marnell
crawled along a fire-swept ditch and destroyed two of the German positions
with hand and rifle grenades.
24 See Kittel's Personalakten for his
earlier history. His views on "Fortress Metz" are expressed in MS
#B-079.
25 At 1750, on the day Kittel took command, OB WEST noted
"a sudden and appreciable deterioration" all along the Army Group
G front-hardly an auspicious introduction for Kittel's defense of Metz.
26 The force under Kittel's command on the
evening of 14 November was composed of the 462d VG Division, the
regimental staffs of the 22d and 25th Fortress Regiments, three
fortress machine gun battalions, two SS machine gun battalions, one fortress
engineer battalion, five fortress infantry battalions, two fortress artillery
battalions, and two Flak battalions from the IV Flak Corps.
27 As an example, the 462d Fuesilier Battalion had
been sent to retake the Bois de l'Hôpital but, before it could attack,
was recalled and sent across the Moselle to the Fort Jeanne d'Arc area.
28 Hist Div Combat Interviews.
29 379th Inf AAR, 14 Nov 44.
30 On 14 November the 462d Fuesilier Battalion was
committed in the Jeanne d'Arc sector. Elements of the 1010th Secutity Regiment
cut off the American 2d Battalion. It is probable that the 1217th Regiment
opposed the 1st Battalion.
31 The November After Action Reports of both
the 378th and 379th continually speak of the difficulties involved in bypassing
fortifications during a slow advance.
32 Pfc. Elmer A. Eggert, L Company, 379th Infantry, advanced
alone against a machine gun, during the 3d Battalion attack, killed five of
the enemy with his BAR, and captured four. He received the DSC.
33 This took place on the afternoon of 17 November. 95th
Div AAR, 17 Nov 44.
34 Hist Div Combat Interviews; 358th Inf AAR,
15 Nov 44.
35 Cpl. C. J. Smith, C Company, 778th Tank Battalion, was
awarded the DSC for his part in the fight at Woippy. Inside the village his
tank received a direct hit. Smith continued to fire the tank gun, while his
crew left the tank. Then he dismounted the .30-caliber machine gun and fought
on alone until help arrived.
36 Part of the 3d Battalion, 377th Infantry, attacked at
Fort Gambetta on 16 November. Here Capt. Samuel T. Pinckney, K Company, 377th
Infantry, led the assault until he was wounded and physically incapable of
continuing. Even then he rallied his men and encouraged them to continue the
attack. He was killed by a mortar shell before he could be evacuated. Captain
Pinckney received the DSC posthumously.
37 Company K of the 377th made an assault
at Fort Gambetta on 17 November. The company commander was killed and Sgt.
F. M. Peterson, a squad leader, took charge, rallying and reorganizing the
company. Peterson continued the assault, in which he personally accounted
for two automatic weapons positions, and then led the company in a successful
withdrawal. He was awarded the DSC.
38 The BBC had broadcast to the Metz FFI to seize these
bridges, but the Germans noted no extensive French activity until late on
18 November.
39 95th Div AAR, 19 Nov 44; 377th Inf S-3
Jnl, 20 Nov 44; 95th Div G-3 Jnl, 18 and 19 Nov 44.
40 Detailed explanation is given in Historical Division
Combat Interviews.
41 Ibid. During the action on 19 November Pfc. Walter
Low, G Company, 378th Infantry, observed fire coming from a large pillbox.
He ran to the pillbox under bitter cross fire, threw in a grenade, and routed
thirty-two of the German occupants. Low received the DSC.
42 95th Div AAR, 18 Nov 44.
43 The losses suffered by the 95th Division in the November
fighting prior to the capitulation of Metz cannot be accurately stated. Since
the division was new to battle all of its regimental reports tended to overestimate
their losses. (This is stated by the divisional G-1 in the After Action Report
for November 1944.) Estimated casualties for the period of combat up to 22
November are given in the 95th Division AAR as 281 KIA, 405 MIA, and 1,503
WIA: a total of 2,189 casualties. Enemy losses for this period are estimated
as 6,082 prisoners, 1,577 KIA, and 3,546 WIA. The last two figures cannot
be taken as reliable and the first is open to question.
44 The 11th Infantry lost 4 officers and 118 men on this
date. Although not excessive, these losses indicate the stubborn character
of the German fight for the airfield. The 11th Infantry was also suffering
badly from trench foot. Company F had only 14 men available for duty. 5th
Div G-1 Jnl, 16 Nov 44. See also 5th Div AAR and Eleventh Infantry Regiment.
45 The 11th Infantry After Action Report for November notes
that the regiment made its greatest gains by night operations and says that
the enemy did not like to fight at night. This latter allegation, incidentally,
is constantly made against the American infantry in German documents.
46 735th Tk Bn AAR, 19 Nov 44; 90th Rcn Tr Jnl, 19 Nov
44. The first detachments to meet came from the assault gun section of the
735th and a cavalry platoon.
47 The 2d Battalion captured Fort Queuleu on 21 November.
5th Div AAR, 21 Nov 44.
48 The estimated losses for the 5th Division during November,
nearly all incurred in the first three weeks, are given by the 5th Division
After Action Report as follows: 13 and 172 KIA; 39 and 1,005 WIA; 4 and 143
MIA. The sick and nonbattle casualty rate of the 5th Division was very high.
Figures for the entire division are not available, but the 11th Infantry,
with a total of 380 battle casualties, had 1,081 sick and nonbattle casualties
(mostly trench foot). 5th Div G-1 Jnl.
49 The 38th SS Panzer Grenadier Regiment appears
to have suffered fairly heavily in this withdrawal. See MS #B-487 (Simon).
50 The First Army estimated on 17 November that the heart
of the city could be held for three or four days and that the main forts could
be defended for fifteen days. Army Group G KTB, 17 Nov 44.
51 MS #13-079 (Kittel).
52 Resistance ended officially at 1435 on 22 November. XX
Corps AAR, 22 Nov 44.
53 MS #13-079 (Kittel). The XX Corps estimates of the German
losses in the defense of Metz are: 14,368 prisoners, 3,800 KIA, and 7,904
WIA. See 5th Div G-3 Jnl, 24 Nov 44. It is probable that the German estimates
are too low; certainly the American estimates are too high. The formations
written off by the Germans after the fall of Metz include: the 462d VG
Division, the 45th and 53d Fortress Machine Gun Battalions,
the 811th Fortress Infantry Flak Battalion, the 1311th and
1519th Army Fortress Artillery Battalions, and the 55th Fortress Engineer
Battalion. See OKH/Org. Abt. KTB, 2 Dec 44.
54 General Irwin credits the fall of St. Privat largely
to the personal efforts of the 11th Infantry commander, Col. P. J. Black,
who had relieved Col. C. W. Yuill on 21 November. Irwin Diary.
55 The total number of prisoners taken from these three
forts was 59 officers and 1,516 men. The credit for the surrender of Fort
Driant was claimed by both the 5th and 87th Divisions. However, the weight
of the evidence confirms the 5th Division claims. The 345th Infantry had begun
the relief of the 2d Infantry but had not officially taken over the area.
See TUSA AAR, I; XX Corps AAR, 8 Dec 44; 2d Inf AAR, 8. Dec 44; Irwin Diary.
Cf. 87th Div AAR, 8 Dec 44. General Walker had done his best to hold on to
the Fort Driant sector so that the 5th Infantry Division could have credit
for its capture. This was much appreciated by General Irwin and his division.
56 The surrender was made actually to the 26th Infantry
Division.
57 German commanders who took part in the Metz campaign
are generally of the opinion that the November operation should have been
concluded by the Americans in less time than that actually taken. Such testimony,
in part at least, is suspect as being proffered to bolster up the thesis common
to many defeated commanders, namely, that their own forces were so lacking
in materiel and so heavily outnumbered that naught but failure was possible.
However, it is true that the events of September and earl), October had made
the Americans wary of high losses and dramatic failures, such as the first
attempt to take Fort Driant, and prompted a widespread use of cautious and
slow-moving tactics in which crushing superiority in men, guns, and tanks
was concentrated wherever the enemy showed signs of standing his ground. It
must be added that mud and rain contributed greatly to slowing the American
advance.
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