Endnotes for Chapter XVIII
1 Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack, App. D, pp. 464-67.
2 (1) Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack, pp, 147ff. (2) Pogue, Supreme
Command, p.164
3 Memos and other papers in connection with the discussions in the War
Department are contained in Item 25 Exec:17 and Item 11, Exec 2.
4 For the high-level background discussions on the remodeling of
.allied European and Mediterranean theater commands in order to prepare for
OVERLORD, see especially: (1) pers ltr, Eisenhower to Marshall, 17 Dec 43,
Paper 56, Book 14, Exec 9; (2) msg, Prime Minister to President, 19 Dec 43,
SW files, War Plans, 59; (3) msg, President to Prime Minister, 20 Dec 43,
SW files, War Plans, 59; (4) ltr, Stimson to President, 20 Dec 43, SW
files, White House; (5) msg, Prime Minister to Hopkins, 22 Dec 43, Hopkins
Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library; and (6) Churchill, Closing the Ring
pp. 422-25.
5 A full discussion of the organization of General Eisenhower's staff and
command for the cross-Channel operation is contained in Pogue. Supreme
Command, Chs. I-IV.
6 Ltr, Eisenhower to Marshall, 17 Jan 44, Paper 130, Book 14, Exec
9.
7 The ever-growing number of published memoirs of key participants in SHAEF
and of other secondary sources now available describe in abundant detail
various aspects of the final preparations and planning for OVERLORD. See
especially:
(1) Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, Ch. 13; (2) Morgan, Overture to Overlord, Chs.
XI, XII; (3) Omar N. Bradley, A Soldier's Story (New York, Henry Holt and
Company, 1951), Ch. 14; (4) Churchill, Closing the Ring, Ch. 16; (5)
Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack, Chs. V-VI; (6) Capt. Harry C. Butcher, USNR,
My Three Years With Eisenhower (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1946),
pp. 462-563; (1) Wesley Frank Craven and James Lea Cate, eds., The Army Air
Forces in World War II, III, Europe Argument to V-E Day: January 1944 to
May 1945 (Chicago, The University of Chicago Press,1951) (hereafter
cited as Craven and Cate, AAF III), Chs. 1-6; (8) Pogue, Supreme Command, Chs. VI-IX; (9) Wilmot,
Struggle for Europe, Chs. IX-X; (10) Maj. Gen. Sir
Francis de Guingand, Operation Victory (New York, Charles Scribner's Sons,
1947), Ch. XIII; arid (m) Field Marshal The Viscount Montgomery of Alamein,
Normandy to the Baltic (London, Hutchinson and Company, Ltd., 1947), Chs.
II-VI.
8 Ltr, Marshall to Eisenhower, 10 Feb 44, Paper 199, Book 14, Exec
9.
9 (1) Ltr, Eisenhower to Marshall, 19 Feb 44 Paper 297, Book 15, Exec
9. (2) Ltr, Bidwell to Roberts, 21 Feb 44, Paper 289, Book 15, Exec 9.
10 Ltr, CofS to Eisenhower [2 Mar 44], Paper 326, Book 15, Exec
9.
11 (1) OPD brief, title: Notes . . . 138th mtg JCS, 21 Dec 43, Draft Dir to
CinC Land Forces (Operation OVERLORD) (JCS 605), with JCS 605 In ABC 381 (22
Jan 43), 1. Memo, Roberts for Handy, to Jan 44, sub: Br Proposal of Dir to
SAC, with JPS 367/D in ABC 381 (22 Jan 43), 2. (3) Min, 122d mtg JPS, 19 Jan
44. (4) Min, 144th mtg CCS, 4 Feb 44.
12 (1) Msg (originator OPD), Marshall to Eisenhower, 26 Jan 44, CM-OUT
10258- (2) Msg, Eisenhower to Marshall, 28 Jan 44, CM-IN 1863. (3) Memo, T.
T. H. for Marshall, 13 Feb 44, no sub, Paper 207, Book 15, Exec 9.
13 In the spring of 1942 the Operations Division had spurred the
establishment of the BOLERO Combined Committee to assist its new European
theater section with the deployment task; in mid-1943, when the decision to
undertake the cross-Channel invasion was fairly firm, OPD had arranged for
its reconstitution. Later in 1943 this committee was reconstituted as the
BOLERO-SICKLE Committee, for air as well as ground build-up in the United
Kingdom. See Cline, Washington Command Post, pp. 21t-t2.
14 (1) Memo, Col Reid for Gen Hull, z Jan 44 sub: Build-up in the United
Kingdom, Item 11, Exec 2. (2) Memo, CofS for President, 16 Feb 44, no sub,
Paper 13, Item 55, Exec 41. (3) Memo, Col Harold P. Tasker, Exec S&P Gp OPD,
for Chief S&P Gp OPD, 15 Feb 44, sub: Build-up of U.S. Divs in the United
Kingdom, Tab SS 229 in ABC 381 SS Papers, Nos. 227-40/10 (7 Jan 43).
15 For the divisions already present by 1 January, see Ch. XVII, above.
16 AAF Statistical Digest, 1945.
17 (1) There were in the European command on 31 December 1943, 768,274 U.S.
troops, which increased by 31 May 1944 to 1,532,810. STM-30, 1 Jan 48. (2)
For figures on cumulative arrivals by month in the United Kingdom, see Table
5, Ruppenthal, Logistical Support, I, 232; and Joseph Bykofsky and Harold
Larson, The Transportation Corps: Operations Overseas (Washington,
Government Printing Office, 1957). pp. 6gff. Both accounts contain detailed
discussions of various aspects of the build-up of troops and cargo in the
United Kingdom in the early months of 1944.
18 CCS 428 (rev), 15 Dec 43, title: Relation of Available Resources to
Agreed Operations.
19 OPD memo for rcd, 29 Feb 44, OPD 320.2 TS, 218.
20 (1) Msg, Eisenhower to Marshall, 23 May 44 CM-IN 17638. (2) For a full
discussion oŁ this spring crisis, see Ruppenthal, Logistical Support, I,
who points up the existing paradox -the threat that the invasion
forces might not be equipped in the presence of plenty." (See p. 239.)
21 (1) OPD Diary, 6 Apr 44, 26 Apr 44. (2) Ruppenthal, Logistical Support,
I, 305-06. The War Department had continued to warn the European theater, as
it did the other theaters, that conservation would have to be practiced.
22 JCS 581/3, 4 Dec 43, title: Specific Operations for the Defeat of Japan.
23 (1) SS 199, 21 Dec 43, title: U.S. Divs and Aircraft Required
To Win the War. (2) SS 203, 24 Dec 43, title: Summary of Current Situation
With Regard to the Fifteen Div Proposal. Both in ABC 381 SS Papers, Nos.
196-213 (7 Jan 43).
24 (1) Msg, Marshall to Harmon, 27 Jan 44, CMOUT 10668. (2) Ltr, Marshall to
Devers, 27 Jan 44, WDCSA 320.2 TS, 4. See also below, p. 461, n, 32.
25 (1)
Memo, Somervell for CofS, 26 Jan 44, sub: SEXTANT Requirements for Service
Troops, WDCSA 320.2 TS, 4. (2) D/F, Handy for DCofS, 2 May 44, sub:
Demobilization Planning Troop Basis, WDCSA 320.2 TS, 10.
26 Min, 144th mtg JCS,1 Feb 44.
27 (1) Memo, Marshall for SW, 10 Feb 44, no sub,
WDCSA 320.2,19. (2) Memo, G. C. M. for McNarney, 18 Feb 44, no sub, WDCSA
320.2, 19. (9) Memo, Marshall for President, 22 Feb 44, no sub, WDCSA 320.2,
19.
28 Memo, Stimson for Marshall, 10 May 44, sub: Our Military Reserves, Paper
42, Item 57, Exec 10.
29 (1) Memo, Marshall for SW, 16 May 44, sub: Increase in the Strength
of the Army, SW files, Staff.
30 See below, this chapter.
31 See John J. McCloy, "In Defense of the Army Mind," Harper's
Magazine, April 1947.
32 (1) Msg, Prime Minister to President, Jan 44, No. 536, Item 63b,
Exec 10. (2) Msg, Eisenhower to Marshall, 8 Feb 41, CM-IN 5606.
33 Ltr, Eisenhower to Marshall, 17 Jan 44, Paper 130, Book 14,
Exec 9.
34 In Washington, the AAF concluded that the increased requirement for
fighter aircraft would have to be met essentially by the redistribution of
the fighter load among the available forces already scheduled for OVERLORD. SHAEF's request for additional fighter squadrons was turned down by
Washington. See msgs and papers filed with memo, Gen Hansell, AAF planner,
for Adm Bieri, Gen Roberts, and Capt Donald B. Duncan, USN, 12 Mar 44, sub:
Retention of Long Range Fighter Groups in the Mediterranean, with JPS 405 /1
ire ABC 384 Mediterranean (26 Oct 43), 3.
35 Churchill, Closing the Ring, p. 426.
36 (1) Memo, G. C. M. for Handy, no sub, 3 Jan 44 OPD 384 ETO, 21. (2) Min,
140th mtg CCS, 7 Jan 44. (3) D/F, OPD for TAG, 10 Jan 44, sub: Executive
Direction for Mediterranean Theater. OPD 381 MTO, 21.
37 (1) Msg, Marshall to Eisenhower, 22 Dec 43 CM-OUT 8490. (2) Pers
Ltr,
CofS to Devers, 28 Dec 43 Paper 59, Book 14, Exec 9. (3) Msg, Marshall to
Eisenhower and Devers, 29 Dec 43, CM-OUT 10638. (4) Order of Battle, ETO, 31
Jan 44, with min, 132d mtg CCS in ABC 384 Europe (9 Aug 43), 1-A. (5) OPD
Diary, 31 Dec 43. (6) Msg, Marshall to Devers, 3 Feb 44, CM-OUT 2391. (7)
See also above, p. 403, n. 4.
38 USAFIME was to remain a separate theater, but the Balkans and
Turkey were separated from it and placed within the boundaries of NATO. For
exchanges on the administrative and boundary changes, see especially: (1) msg, Marshall
to Eisenhower info Devers, 28 Jan 44, CM-OUT 12109; (2) Btcor msg, Marshall
to Devers, 29 Jan 44, CM-OUT 12110; (3) memo, WD for CG's .AFG, AAF, ASF,
NATO, USAFIME, and PGC, 29 Jan 44, sub: Comd in the Middle East-Central
African Theater, with Paper t in ABC 381 (3-10-42), 1-B; (4) memo, Col
Frederic H. Chaffee for ACofS, G-2, 31 Jan 44, sub: Ltr of Instrs to CG
USAFIME, with Paper 1 in ABC 381 Middle East (3-10-42), 1-B; (5) msg,
Marshall to Eisenhower and Royce, 22 Dec 43, CM-OUT 9353; and (6) ms;,
Marshall to Devers, 17 Jan 44, CMOUT 6588.
39 Msg, Prime Minister to President, 26 Dec 43 No. 521, Item 63b, Exec10.
Present at the meeting were General Eisenhower (about to depart from the
Mediterranean), Generals Bedell Smith and Wilson, Air Chief Marshal Tedder,
General Harold Alexander, and .admiral Sir John Cunningham.
40 Msg, Prime Minister to President, 8 Jan 44, No.540, Item 63b, Exec
10.
Among those present at the Marrakech meetings were Lord Beaverbrook, General
Wilson, Admiral John Cunningham, General Harold Alexander, General Devers,
and General Bedell Smith, In 1949 General Marshall recalled that he had had nothing to do with the
Anzio decision. He also recalled that General Eisenhower told him that he
was not in favor of the operation, but, knowing that he was to leave the
theater before the operation was carried out, did not oppose it. Interview,
Mathews, Lamson, and Hamilton with Marshall, 25 Jul 49, OCMH files. For
Eisenhower's views of the decision on Anzio see, Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, pp.
212-13.
41 (1) Draft msg, President to Prime Minister, 27 Dec 43, Item 63b, Exec
10.
(2) For the msg as sent on 28 Dec 43, see Churchill, Closing the Ring, pp.
440-44 (3) See also CCS 455/4 17 Jan 44, title: Operation "SHINGLE." CCS
455/4 is a memo by the JCS.
42 For repercussion on OVERLORD build-up planning, see: (1) memo, Handy for
Eisenhower, 15 Jan 44. sub: Matters for Early Consideration, Paper 175 Book
14, Exec 9; and (2) Ltr, Lt Gen Walter Bedell Smith to Gen Handy, 23 Jan 44,
Paper 205, Book 14, Exec 9.
43 BIGOT msg, Marshall to Wilson for Devers, 18 Jan 44, CM-OUT
6886.
44 Churchill, Closing the Ring, p. 488.
45 CCS 465/4, 4 Feb 44, title: Firm Recommendations With Regard
to Operation "ANVIL" and "OVERLORD." One unanticipated consequence of the Anzio assault was that the Germans were
relieved of some of their uncertainty over Allied intentions. After the landings, the German
fears of a Balkan invasion further diminished for they realized that the
Allies had their hands full in Italy and would probably refrain from any
move into the Balkans. Charles von Luttichau, Germany's Strategic Situation,
MS, OCMH files, pp. 23-24.
46 For the War Department views, see especially: (1) min, 126th mtg JPS, 5
Feb 44; (2) memo, Hull for Handy, 15 Feb 44, Paper 253, Book 15, Exec 9; (3)
memo, Hull for CofS, 14 Mar 44, sub: ANVIL, Book 16, Exec 9; and (4) 1tr,
[Handy] for Devers, 15 Mar 44, Paper 403, Book 16, Exec 9.
47 Msg, Eisenhower to Marshall, 6 Feb 44, CM-IN
4147.
48 Msg, Marshall to Eisenhower, 7 Feb 44, CMOUT 2771.
49 Ibid.
50 Penned notes on transcript of tel conv, Gen Handy and Gen Smith, 1630, 7
Feb 44, Paper 188, Book 14, Exec 9.
51 Msg, Eisenhower for Marshall, 8 Feb 44, CM-IN 5606. For a similar reply on the staff level, see tel conv between Gens Bedell
Smith and Handy, 8 Feb 44, 15157 1515Z., Item 52a, Exec 10.
52 Many of the exchanges in the "battle of numbers" between Washington and
London are filed in Item 522, Exec 10.
53 (1) Memo, Marshall for Leahy and King, 9 Feb 44. sub: OVERLORD-ANVIL,
with min, 132d mtg CCS, in ABC 384 Europe (9 Aug 43), 1-A. (2) Msg, Marshall
to Eisenhower, 9 Feb 44, CM-OUT 3919 (3) Tel conv between Gens Handy and
Bedell Smith, 9 Feb 44, 1500 to 1530, WD-TC 181, Item 52a, Exec 10. (4) Msg,
Eisenhower to Marshall for JCS, 11 Feb 44, CM-IN 7619- (5) OPD memo for rcd
[12 Feb 44], sub: Recommendation of SCAEF on OVERLORD and ANVIL, OPD 381
Security, VII A, 217.
54 Memo, Col G. A. Lincoln for Gen Roberts, 16 Feb 44, no sub,
with min 132d mtg CCS, in ABC 384 Europe (5 Aug 43), 1-A.
55 For the details of the debates and discussions over loadings
and serviceability rates, see Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack, Ch. V,
and Pogue, Supreme Command, Ch. VI. The minutes of the special conference in London and telephone exchanges
with Washington are contained in: (1) SHAEF SGS 337/11 Supreme Comdr Conf;
(2)
Item 52a, Exec 10; (3) ABC 381 SS Papers, NOS. 271-81 (7 Jan 43); and (4)
ABC 384 Europe (5 Aug 43), 1-A.
56 Memo, Hull for Handy, 15 Feb 44, Paper 253, Book 15, Exec 9.
57 Memo, Lincoln for Roberts, 16 Feb 44, no sub, with min, 132d mtg CCS, in
ABC 384 Europe (5 Aug 43), 1-A. By 20 February Hull felt the Washington planners had done all they could in
London and so they departed, General Hull and Colonel Lincoln stopping off
in North Africa on their way home. (1) See tel conf between Gen Handy and
Cols Todd and Gailey, Washington, and Gens Bedell Smith and Hull and Col Dan
Gilmer, London, 20 Feb 44, TC 200 (21 Feb 44), Item 52a, Exec 10. (2) Memo,
G. O. Jr., for Gailey, 5 Mar 44, no sub, Paper 343, Book 16, Exec 9.
58 Msg, Br COS to Br Joint Staff Mission, 19 Feb 44, CM-IN 14255.
59 Msg, Br COS to Br Joint Staff Mission, 19 Feb 44, C.O.S. (W) 1156, Item
16, Exec 3.
60 Ltr, Montgomery to Eisenhower, 21 Feb 41, Paper 294, Book 15,
Exec 9.
61 (1) Min, mtg JCS, 21 Feb 44, WDCSA Min of Sp Mtgs. (2) Msg, AGWAR to
SHAEF, JCS for Eisenhower, 21 Feb 44, SHAEF 154, Item 11, Exec 2. (3) Msg,
Leahy to Eisenhower, 21 Feb 44, SHAEF 154, Item 11, Exec 2.
62 Ltr, Eisenhower to Montgomery, 21 Feb 44, Paper 294, Book 15,
Exec 9.
63 (1) Copy of msg, Leahy to President, 24 Feb 44, incl to memo, McFarland,
JCS, for OPD and for Aide to COMINCH [U.S. Fleet], 24 Feb 44, sub: Msg from
Br COS on Conclusions Agreed This Morning at Mtg Held Between Br COS and
General Eisenhower, with Paper 17, Item 55, Exec 10. (2) CCS 465/11, 24 Feb
44, title: Recommendations of SCAEF on "OVERLORD" and "ANVIL." (3) Min,
147th mtg CCS, 25 Feb 44.
64 (1) Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack, p. 172. (2) Pogue, Supreme Command,
p. 115.
65 (1) Memo, Somervell for CofS, 14 Mar 44, no sub, Book 16, Exec
9. (2)
Memo, Handy for Somervell, 15 Mar 44, sub: Deployment of Assault Ships and
Craft Between the Atlantic and Pacific, Book 16, Exec 9.
66 Tel conv between Gen Bedell Smith, London, and Gens Handy and
Hull, Washington, 1300, 17 Mar 44, Paper 414, Book 16, Exec 9.
67 Ibid.
68 (1) Msg, Eisenhower to Marshall, 21 Mar 44 CM-IN 15429. (2) CCS 46.5/12, 23
Mar 44, title: Firm Recommendations With Regard to "OVERLORD" and "ANVIL."
(3) CCS 465/14, 24 Mar 44, title: "OVERLORD" and "ANVIL." (4) Churchill,
Closing the Ring, pp. 512-13.
69 The decision to launch an expanded OVERLORD
assault had resulted in the publication of a new outline plan-the NEPTUNE
Initial Joint Plan-published on 1 February 1944 by SHAEF. For subsequent
theater planning based on the NEPTUNE plans, see Harrison, Cross-Channel
Attack, pp. 173-97.
70 As a result of British concern over the scheduled withdrawal
of three U.S. long-range fighter groups from the Mediterranean for OVERLORD,
General Eisenhower and the Washington staff had agreed by early March to
transfer, in lieu thereof, three U.S. short-range fighter groups (less
aircraft) from the Mediterranean. In the United Kingdom these would be
re-equipped by diverting P-47's and P-51's previously allotted to the
Mediterranean. See: (1) msg, Prime Minister to Roosevelt, 16 Feb 44, No. 581, Paper 46, Item
63b, Exec 10; (2) CGS 503, 2 Mar 44. title: Retention of Long Range Fighter
Groups in the Mediterranean; (3) msg, Eisenhower to AGWAR, m Mar 44, CM-IN
8199. See also above, p. 414. n. 34.
71 (1) Notes on Colored Troops Projected for ANVIL, a paper used by Gen
Handy at conf in SW's office, 27 Jan 44, Paper 137, Book 14, Exec 9. (2) OPD
Diary, 15 Jan 44. (3) Dept Army, Hist Div, Combat Chronicle, An Outline
History of U.S. Army Divisions, Hist MS File, OCMH.
72 Ltr, Devers to Marshall, 14 Feb 44, Paper 344, Book 16, Exec 9.
73 Msg, Marshall to Eisenhower, 25 Mar 44, CM-OUT 14078.
74 (1) Ibid. (2) Memo, T. T. H. for CofS, 25 Mar 44. sub:
Advantages and Disadvantages of Capturing Rome, SS 275, in ABC 381 SS
Papers, Nos. 271- 81 (7 Jan 43).
75 Msg, Dill to Br COS, 1 Apr 44, Item 66, Exec 10.
76 Memo, Roberts for Handy, 23 Mar 44, sub: What Shall We Do
About ANVIL, Book 16, Exec 9.
77 (1) Msg, Br Joint Staff Mission to War Cabinet Office, 31 Mar 44, JSM
1613, Item 66, Exec 10. (2) Msg, Prime Minister to Field Marshal Dill, 3 Apr
44. Item 16, Exec 3. (3) Msgs Br Cos to Br Joint Staff Mission, 7 Apr 44,
Cos. (W) 1265 and 1266, Item 16, Exec 3. (4) CCS 46,/19, 8 Apr 44, title:
"OVERLORD" and "ANVIL." CCS 465/19 contains a memorandum by JCS.
78 Msg, Prime Minister to Field Marshal Dill for Marshall, 12 Apr 44, Item
66, Exec 10.
79 Msg, Marshall to Eisenhower for Prime Minister, 13 Apr 44,
CM-OUT 22810.
80 Msg, Prime Minister to Field Marshal Dill for Gen Marshall, 16 Apr 44,
Item 16, Exec 3.
81 Msg, Prime Minister to Field Marshal Dill for Gen Marshall, 16 Apr 44,
Item 16, Exec 3.
82 Churchill, Closing the Ring, p. 430.
83 (1) OPD brief, title: Notes . . . JPS 126th mtg, 9 Feb 44, Transfer of Br
Lend-Lease Bombers From Mediterranean Air Comd to Turkey (JPS 376/1), with
JPS 376/1 in ABC 384 Sweden-Turkey (25 Oct 43) 4 (2) OPD brief, title:
Notes . . . JPS 130th mtg, 23 Feb 44, Action That May Be Necessary Should
Turkey Enter the War (JPS 381), with JPS 381 in ABC 384 Mediterranean (3
Oct 43).
84 Min, mtg of the JCS with the President, 11 Feb 44, in WDCS.4
Min of Sp Mtgs.
85 Ltr, Field Marshal Dill to Gen Marshall, 12 Mar 44, Item 66, Exec
10.
The letter contains a message from the Prime Minister.
86 Ltr, Field Marshal Dill to Gen Marshall, 12 Mar 44, Item 66, Exec
10.
The letter contains a message from the Prime Minister.
87 Ltr, A. C. [W] to Tom [Gen Bandy], 13 Apr 41, Paper 611, Book 18,
Exec 9.
88 Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 339.
89 Msg, President to Prime Minister, 25 Jul 43, filed with CCS 258/1in ABC
381 Italy-Arm-Surr (5-9-43) 1-A.
90 See Smyth, Sicilian Campaign and the Surrender of Italy, for details of
the Italian surrender.
91 JIC Memo for Info 33, 31 Jan 44, title: Effect of "Unconditional
Surrender" Policy on German Morale. The memo is by the U.S. JIC.
92 JIC 159/1, 16 Feb 44, title: Effect of "Unconditional Surrender" Policy
on German Morale.
93 Memo J. J. M. [McCloy] for CofS, 25 Feb 44, sub: JCS 718, filed with JCS
718 in ABC 387 Germany (18 Feb 43), 3.
94 JCS 718/1, 16 Mar 44, title: Effect of "Unconditional Surrender" Policy
on German Morale.
95 Memo, C. A. R. [Russell] for Hull, 12 Mar 44, no sub, in OPD 387.4
Security, 8.
96 Memo, J. E. H. [Hull] for Handy, 13 Mar 44 no sub, in OPD
387.4 Security, 8.
97 Memo, Roberts for Handy, 16 Mar 44, sub: Effects of
"Unconditional Surrender" Policy on German Morale, filed with JCS 718/1 in
ABC 387 Germany (18 Dec 43), 3 .
98 Memo, Leahy for the President, 25 Mar 44, no sub, filed with JCS 718 in
ABC 387 Germany (18 Dec 43), 3.
99 Memo, F. D. R. for JCS, 1 Apr 44, no sub, filed with Amendment
to JCS 718/1, in ABC 387 Germany (18 Dec 43), 3.
100 Hull, Memoirs, II, 1577
101 Pogue, Supreme Command, pp. 339-41.
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