Endnotes for Chapter II

1 (1) CCS 155/1, 19 Jan 43, title: Conduct of the War in 1943. (2) CCS 160, 19 Jan 43, title: Minimum Escort Requirements To Maintain the Sea Communications of the United Nations. (3) Min, 65th mtg CCS, 21 Jan 43. (4) CCS 170/2, 23 Jan 43, title: Final Rpt to the President and Prime Minister Summarizing Decisions by the CCS.
 
2 Samuel Eliot Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, I, The Battle of the Atlantic, September 1939-May 1943 (Boston, Little, Brown & Company, 1947) (hereafter cited as Morison, Battle of the Atlantic), pp. 410-12.
 
3 (1) Joseph Schull, The Far Distant Ships: An Official Account of Canadian Naval Operations in the Second World War (Ottawa, E. Cloutier, 1950), pp. 164-70. (2) Morison, Battle of the Atlantic, p. 344 (3) Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War: Closing the Ring (Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1951), p. 10.
 
4 (1) Frederick C. Lane et al., Ships for Victory, Shipbuilding Under the U.S. Maritime Commission in World War II (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1951), p. 203. (2) Memo, Somervell for CofS, no sub, 2 Aug 43, Hq ASF, Folder CofS, U.S., 1941, 1942, 1944, (2)
 
5 Memo, Somervell for CofS, 2 Aug 43, no sub, Hq ASF, Folder CofS, U.S., 1941, 1942, 1944 (2).
 
6 For earlier postponement, see Matloff and Snell, Strategic Planning: 1941-42, Ch. XIV.
 
7 (1) Churchill, Hinge of Fate, pp. 752-55 (2) Leighton and Coakley, Global Logistics and Strategy, 1940-43, Ch. XXI. (3) T. H. Vail Motter, The Persian Corridor and Aid to Russia, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1952), pp. 400-401
 
8 CCS 183/1, 12 Mar 43, title: Review of Availability of United Nations Shipping.
 
9 Memo, Gross for Marshall, 17 Mar 43, sub: Re: 183/1, Review of Availability of U.N. Shipping, filed with CCS 183/1 in ABC 560 (26 Feb 43) 1-A.
 
10 (1) Min, 76th mtg CCS, 19 Mar 43. (2) Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, pp. 716-17.
 
11 Memo, Somervell for Hopkins, 22 Mar 43, sub: Availability of U.N. Shipping, filed with CPS 59/3 in ABC 560 (26 Feb 43) 1-A.
 
12 For a discussion of Pacific requirements and shipping, see Ch. IV, below.
 
13 (1) Memo, Somervell for CofS, 25 Mar 43, sub: Proposed Allocation of U.S. Shipping To Meet Military Requirements and Civilian Demands During the Last Three Quarters of 1943, ABC 560 (26 Feb 43) 1-A. (2) Memo, Handy for Marshall, 28 Mar 43 no sub, Item 1a, Exec 3.
 
14 (1) Min, 73d mtg JCS, 9 Apr 43. (2) JCS 251/2, 10 Apr 43, title: Allocation of Allied Shipping.
 
15 Leighton and Coakley, Global Logistics and Strategy, 1940-43, Chs. XXV and XXVI. In this volume the misunderstandings between Somervell and the British on the import program are treated in detail, as is the part of Douglas in influencing the President.
 
16 (1) Churchill, Hinge of Fate, p. 779. (2) Memo, Somervell for CofS, 2 Aug 43, no sub, Hq ASF, Folder CofS, U.S., 1941, 1942, 1944 (2).
 
17 Ltr, Leahy to Nelson, 29 Apr 43, incl to JCS 259/1, 22 Apr 43, title: U.S. Production Requirements, 1944.
 
18 (1) CCS 172, 22 Jan 43, title: Shipping Capabilities for BOLERO Build-up. The paper was prepared by Somervell with the collaboration of  Lord Leathers and noted by the CCS. (2) STM-30, 1 Jan 48.
 
19 (1) SS study, 17 Mar 43, title: Study of Effects of Operations and Occurrences Since the Casablanca Conf on the Strategic Concept and Operations Proposed for 1943, ABC 381 (9-25-41), VI. (2) JSSC 11, 22 Mar 43, title: Survey of Present Situation.
 
20 (1) CCS 155/1, 19 Jan 48, title: Conduct of the War in 1943. (2) For AAF interpretation of CCS 155/1, see pp. 94-95 below.
 
21 MS draft (dated 9 April 1942) of Procurement section, p. 76, of Statistics, a volume to be published in the series UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II. The Procurement section draft was prepared by Richard H. Crawford and Lindsley F. Cook under the direction of Theodore E. Whiting.
 
22 (1) Msg, Arnold to Stratemeyer, 3 Feb 43, CMIN 1501. (2) See also p. 82, below.
 
23 (1) Craven and Cate, AAF II, 311, and Wesley Frank Craven and James Lea Cate, eds., The Army Air Forces In World War II, IV, The Pacific Guadalcanal to Saipan-August 1942 to July 1944 (Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1950) (hereafter cited as Craven and Cate, AAF IV), 69. The B-24 group for SWPA was sent over in the spring, though it did not get into action until mid July. (2) For the Pacific conference held in Washington in March 1943, see Ch. IV, below.
 
24 Craven and Cate, AAF II, 614.
 
25 (1) Memo, Roosevelt for CofS and COMINCH, 18 Mar 43, sub: Submarine Warfare. (2) Memo, Marshall and King for President, 21 Mar 43, sub: Submarine Warfare. Both in WDCSA 560 Anti-Submarine Warfare.
 
26 Min, 78th mtg CCS, 29 Mar 43.
 
27 (1) Msg, Andrews to Marshall, 30 Mar 43, CMIN 16546. (2) Memo, Brig Gen Orvil A. Anderson, ACofAS Plans, for ACofS OPD, 14 Apr 43, sub: Proposed ASW Operations in Bay of Biscay, OPD 381 Security, 69. (3) Msg, Marshall to Andrews, 15 Apr 43, CM-OUT 6862. (4) Min, 81st mtg CCS, 23 Apr 43 (5) Min, 82d mtg CCS, 30 Apr 43.
 
28 Craven and Cate, AAF II, 313-15.
 
29 (1) Memo, Dr. Edward L. Bowles for Gens Marshall and McNarney, 3 Mar 43, sub: Recommendations-Army Air Anti-Submarine Effort, WDCSA 560 Anti-Submarine Operations. (2) JCS 268, 19 Apr 43, title: Air Offensive Against the U-Boat. The bulk of correspondence concerning the use of aircraft against U-boats and the later jurisdictional dispute over control of antisubmarine warfare and strategic air forces will be found in WDCSA 560 Anti-Submarine Operations. (3) Ernest J. King and Walter Muir Whitehill, Fleet Admiral King, A Naval Record (New York, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1952), pp. 462-71, contains the naval side of the dispute.
 
30 Memo, J. T. M. [McNarney] for CofS, 7 Jun 43, sub: Conversation with the President, WDCSA 560 Anti-Submarine Operations. The earlier solution referred to the decision reached at a cabinet meeting on 12 December1941 to establish unity of command over the Panama Coastal Frontier under the Army and over the Caribbean Coastal Frontier under the Navy. This decision is discussed in a draft chapter, "The Caribbean in Wartime," in the second volume of the subseries, Guarding the United States and Its Outposts, written for the series UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II by Stetson Conn, Byron Fairchild, and Rose C. Engelman. General McNarney had seen service in the War Plans Division in 1939 and was a member of the Special Observers Group in London in 1941. In January 1942 he became chairman of the Reorganization Committee of the War Department and in March he was made Deputy Chief of Staff.
 
31 (1) Memo, King for CofS, 14 Jun 43, no sub. (2) Memo, Marshall for COMINCH, 15 Jun 43, no sub. Both in WDCSA 560 Anti-Submarine Operations.
 
32 (1) Memo, Marshall for King, 28 Jun 43, no sub, WDSCA 560 Anti-Submarine Operations. (2) Min, 91st mtg JCS, 8 Jun 43. For a full explanation of Stimson's views on antisubmarine warfare, a field of vital interest to him, see Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, pp. 50818.
 
33 Memo, King for CofS, 3 Jul 43, no sub, WDCSA 560 Anti-Submarine Operations.
 
34 An account of the plans and operations of the U.S. Army in the Tunisia Campaign is contained in George F. Howe, Northwest Africa: Seizing the Initiative in the West, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1957).
 
35 Leighton and Coakley, Global Logistics and Strategy,1940-43, Ch. XV.
 
36 Memo, Gen Handy, ACofS OPD, for CG ASF (Attn: Maj Gen Wilhelm D. Styer), 27 Mar 43, sub: Rpt of ASW on Conditions in Casablanca, OPD 381 .Africa (1-27_43), II.
 
37 Lt Col Boyd Hubbard, Jr., Observer's Rpt: N. W. Africa and U.K. February and March [early spring Ig43], appended to memo, Brig Gen John E. Hull, Actg ACofS OPD, for Gen Arnold, 19 Apr 43, no sub, OPD 381 Africa, 97.
 
38 See, for example: (1) memo, Lt Col Alfred D. Starbird for Col Claude B. Ferenbaugh, 24 Feb 43, no sub, before Tab 16, Item 1b, Exec 3; and (2) BIGOT-HUSKY msg (originator OPD), Marshall to Eisenhower for Handy, 30 Apr 43, CM-OUT 12614. BIGOT was the code for messages dealing with plans for future operations.
 
39 (1) Msg (originator OPD), Handy to Hull, 9 Jan 43, CM-OUT 2980. (2) Msg, Hull, Algiers, to Handy sgd Eisenhower, 25 Jan 43, CM-IN 11556. (3) OPD paper [early April 1943], title: Current Problems, Tab F NATO, TRIDENT Revision of SYMBOL.: Casablanca Books, Vol. II (7 Apr 43), Exec 6. (4) Msg, Eisenhower to Marshall, 26 Apr 43, CMIN 9818. (5) BIGOT-HUSKY msg (originator OPD), Marshall to Eisenhower, 26 Apr 43, CM-OUT 7888. (6) BIGOT-HUSKY msg (originator OPD), Marshall to Eisenhower, 26 Apr 43, CM-OUT 10758.
 
40 BIGOT msg, Eisenhower to Marshall (info copy OPD), 17 Feb 43, CM-IN 8604.
 
41 Pers ltr, Wedemeyer to Handy, 22 Jan 43, Item 1a, Exec 3.
General Wedemeyer joined the War Plans Division in 1941 and became a member of the joint U.S. Strategic Committee (JUSSC) in February 1942. In June 1942 he became Chief, Strategy and Policy Group (S&P Gp), OPD.
 
42 (1) BIGOT msg (originator OPD), Marshall to Eisenhower, 5 Feb 43, CM-OUT 1779. (2) BIGOT msg (originator OPD), CCS to Eisenhower, 5 Mar 43 CM-OUT 1868, FAN 103. (3) BIGOT msg (originator OPD), Marshall to Eisenhower, 11 Mar 43. CM-OUT 4041. (4) BIGOT msg (originator OPD), Marshall to Eisenhower, 24 Mar 43, CM-OUT  9212. (5) BIGOT msg, Eisenhower to AGWAR, 25 Mar 43 (action copy OPD), CM-IN 13492. (6) Memo, C. K. G. [Col Charles K. Gailey, Jr.] for Maj Gen Matthew B. Ridgway, 27 Apr 43, sub: Message from [Brig Gen Maxwell D.] Taylor, Item 11, Exec 3.
 
43 Memo, OPD for CofS, 30 Dec 42, sub: Troop Strength in ETO, Tab A European Theater, SYMBOL: Casablanca Books, Vol. II, Exec 6. This troop strength is listed as of 21 December 1942.
 
44 OPD paper [May 1943], title: Deployment and Shipping Capabilities, Tab A NATO, TRIDENT Revision of SYMBOL: Casablanca Books, Vol. II (25 May 43), Exec 6.
 
45 (1) Overseas Troop Bases, 1 April, 1 May, 1 June, 1 July 1943, Troop Section, Logistics Group OPD, OPD Hist Unit file. (2) Unit Records of the Organization and Directory Branch, TAGO.
 
46 For the number of air groups, see Army Air Forces Statistical Digest, World War II (1945), P. 8. For the identity of the air groups, see Craven and Cate, AAF II, 417 and passim.
 
47 STM-30, 1 Jan 48.
 
48 The breakdown on ground and air strength in the British Isles and Northern Ireland is based on OPD Weekly Status Maps from 5 November 1942 through 13 May 1943. OPD Status Map figures include air service with air troops and ground service with ground troops. For a detailed account of the slowdown in the American build-up in the European theater in the early months of 1943-based largely on theater records-see Roland G. Ruppenthal, Logistical Support of the Armies, Vol. I, THE UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1953), Ch. III.
 
49 BIGOT msg (originator OPD), Marshall to Eisenhower, 13 Mar 43, CM-OUT 5058.
 
50 For full description of the growth and operations of the Eighth .Air Force during this period, see Craven and Cate, AAF II, Ch. 10.
 
51 For a description of pre-Casablanca background on aid to the French, see: (1) Marcel Vigneras, Rearming the French, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1957), Ch. I; and (2) Leighton and Coakley, Global Logistics and Strategy, 1940-43, Ch. XXI.
 
52 OPD paper [late December 1942], title: Current Problems, Tab K European Theater, SYMBOL: Casablanca Books, Vol. II, Exec 6.
 
53 (1) Min, sp mtg JCS and President, 16 Jan 43, Official Casablanca Conf Book. (2) Min, 58th mtg CCS, 16 Jan 43. (3) Min, 2d Anfa mtg, 18 Jan 43, Official Casablanca Conf Book. (4) Min, Gist mtg CCS, 19 Jan 43. (5) Min, 62d mtg CCS, 19 Jan 43.
 
54 (1) Msg (originator OPD), Marshall to Eisenhower, 18 Jan 43, CM-OUT  7165. (2) Min, 58th mtg CCS, 16 Jan 43.
 
55 Min, 2d Anfa mtg, 18 Jan 13, Official Casablanca Conf Book.
 
56 See CinC's Dispatch, North Africa Campaign, 1942-43, n. d., P. 30 COPY in OPD Hist Unit File.
 
57 (1) Memo, (G. C. M. [Gen Marshall] for [John J.] McCloy, 4 Feb 43, no sub, Item 13, Exec 1. (2) msg, President to [Robert D.] Murphy, 20 Feb 43. Item 13, Exec 1. (3) Memo, Hull for CofS, 4 Mar 43, sub: Equipment of French Forces in North Africa, CCS 181/2, Item 13, Exec 1. (4) CCS 317, 18 Aug 43, title: Equipping Allies, Liberated Forces, and Friendly Neutrals.
 
58 The French military mission had arrived in Washington at the close of 1942 to discuss the supply of materiel For the French forces in North Africa.
 
59 Vigneras, Rearming the French, Ch. II.
 
60  For a discussion of the American and French divergences, see especially: (1) memo, G. C. M, for McCloy, 4 Feb 43, no sub, and attached memo A, Bethouart for Marshall, 3 Feb 43, sub: Shipment of War Materiel for the French Forces in North Africa, Item 13, Exec 1; and (2) msg, Eisenhower to AGWAR for OPD, 17 Feb 43, CM-IN 9008 (18 Feb .13)
 
61 Pers msg, President to Murphy, 20 Feb 43, Item 13, Exec 1. The message, noted in OPD, was forwarded to the Secretary of War by General Marshall.
 
62  BIGOT-HUSKY msg, Eisenhower to Marshall (action copy OPD), 21 Mar 43, CM-IN 11239.
 
63 OPD memo, no addressee, 1 Apr 43, sub: French Rearmament, Book 8, Exec 8. OPD action officer was Lt Col Wilbur M. Skidmore.
 
64 (1) Memo, Hull for CofS, 4 Mar 43, sub: Equipment of French Forces in North Africa, CCS 181/2, Item 13, Exec 1. (2) SS 79, 28 Apr 43, title: Global Estimate of the Situation, TRIDENT  REVISION Of SYMBOL: Casablanca Books, Vol. I (1 May 43), Exec 6.
 
65 The figures are based especially on: (1) OPD Weekly Status Maps, 31 Dec 42 and 19 May 43, and (2) STM-30, 1 Jan 48.
 
66 Memo, JSSC for JCS, 8 Jan 43, sub: Strategic Concept for 1943, Item 69, Exec 10.
 
67 Memo, Armstrong, SS OPD, for Chief S&P Gp OPD, 12 Jan 43, sub: Rpt of Visit to the Middle East, with JCS Memo for Info 29 in ABC 381 Middle East (3-10-42), 1-A.
 
68 (1) Min, 57th mtg CCS, 15 Jan 43. (2) Min, 2d mtg CCS with President and Prime Minister, 18 Jan 43, Anfa Camp, Official Casablanca Conf Book.
 
69 See Ch. I, above.
 
70 (1) CCS 161/1.2 Jan 43, title: Operation HUSKY. (2) Min, 66th mtg CCS, 22 Jan 43- (3) CCS 170/2, 22 Jan 43, title: Final Rpt to the President and Prime Minister, Summarizing Decisions by the CCS.
 
71 Memo, Col John C. Blizzard, Jr., Chief  SS OPD, for Gen Wedemeyer, 17 Apr 43, sub: Disposition of  USAFIME, with CPS 58/D in ABC 370 (7-2-42).
 
72 OPD Diary, 3 Apr 43.
 
73 Paper [about early Apr 43], title: Ninth Air Force and ASF USAFIME, Tab A Central Africa and Middle East, TRIDENT REVISION of SYMBOL.: Casablanca Books, Vol. II (7 Apr 43), Exec 6.
 
74 A detailed discussion of the problems facing the U.S. Army forces in the Persian Gulf Service Command is contained in Motter, Persian Corridor and Aid to Russia.
 
75 Memo, Handy for Wedemeyer, 7 Dec 42, no sub, with CCS 57/2 in ABC 371 (9-25-42), 1.
 
76 Memo, Col Ray T. Maddocks, Actg Chief S&P Gp OPD, for Gen Handy, 2 Jan 43, sub: Boundary Revision Between European and African Middle Eastern Theaters, with CCS 57/2 in ABC 371 (9-25-42),1.
 
77 Memo, Col Maddocks for Lt Col Frederic H. Chaffee, Africa-Middle East Theater, 5 Jan 43, sub: Boundary Revisions Between European and African Middle East Theaters, with CCS 57/2 in ABC 371 (9-25-42) 1.
 
78 Msg, Marshall, Casablanca, to Handy, 16 Jan 43, No.210, Vol MODICUM-From, Item 45a, Exec 10.
 
79 General Andrews, a line Air officer of great ability, had been sent to the Middle East in November 1942 at Marshall's behest to secure added experience in command of an active theater. See min, sp mtg JCS and President, 15 Jan 43, Official Casablanca Conf Books.
 
80 See msg, Handy to BRAID [Marshall], 18 Jan 43, CM-OUT 6207 (1-19-43). The War Department draft was prepared by OPD and concurred in, by General McNarney, Deputy Chief of Staff, and Maj. Gen. George E. Stratemeyer, Chief of the Air Staff in Army Air Force Headquarters. For a preliminary version of this draft, see copy appended to draft msg, Handy to BRAID, 18 Jan 43, with Paper 75, Book 7, Exec 8.
 
81 See especially: min, 65th mtg CCS, 21 Jan 43, and Ch. I, above.
 
82 (1) Msg, Gen Wedemeyer to Col Robert  N. Young for Handy, 19 Jan 43, CM-IN 8946 (1-20-43) (2) Min, 56th mtg JCS, 20 Jan 43. (3) Msg, SGS to Lt Col Frank McCarthy for Gen Wedemeyer, 20 Jan 43, CM-OUT 6765. (4) Msg, BRAID to Young for Handy, 23 Jan 43, CM-IN 11037 (24 Jan 43).
 
83 (1) Msg, Marshall to Young for Handy, 24 Jan 43, CM-IN 11037. (2) Msg (originator OPD), Marshall to Eisenhower, 2 Feb 43, CM-OUT 627 (3 Feb 43).
 
84 Msg (originator OPD), Marshall to CG USAFIME, 30 Jan 43, CM-OUT 10547. These War Department instructions transferred the War Department directive to Andrews, dated 24 October 1942, to Brereton, effective upon the latter's assumption of command of USAFIME.
 
85 Msg, Brereton, Cairo, to AGWAR (action OPD), 31 Jan 43, CM-IN 0012 (1 Feb 43). For changes in boundaries of the Africa-Middle East theater-in line with the 19 January War Department draft directive-see: (1) OPD draft msg, Marshall to CG USAFIME, 8 Feb 43, OPD 371 ETO, 15 (sent as CM-OUT 2731); and (2) OPD Diary, 9 Feb 43.
 
86 (1) Msg (originator OPD), Marshall to Eisenhower, 2 Feb 43, CM-OUT 627 (3 Feb 43). (2) Msg (originator OPD), Gen Marshall to Maj Gen Russell P. Hartle for Gen Andrews, 2 Feb 43, CM-OUT 647 (3 Feb 43). (3) Msg (originator OPD), Marshall to Eisenhower, 4 Feb 43, CM-OUT 1396. (4) Msg, Eisenhower to Marshall (action OPD), 5 Feb 43, CM-IN 2620. (5) Msg, Eisenhower to Marshall, 5 Feb 43, CM-IN 2409. (6) Msg (originator OPD), Marshall to Eisenhower, 5 Feb 43, CM-OUT 1793 (6 Feb 43).
 
87 (1) Memo, G. C. M. for Handy, 2 Jan 43, no sub, Item 36a, Exec 10. (2) CCS 163, 20 Jan 43, title: System of Air Command in the Mediterranean. (3) Min, 63d mtg CCS, 20 Jan 43.
 
88 (1) Min, 63d mtg CCS, 20 Jan 43. (2) Memo, Deane, Secy JCS, for ACofS OPD, Aide to CinC U.S. Fleet, 2 Feb 43, sub: Command in the Mediterranean, with CCS 163 in ABC 322.07 (8-24-42).
 
89 (2) Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, P. 949. (2) William D. Leahy, I Was There (New York, Whittlesey House, 1950), p. 133. Detailed accounts of America's politico-economic relations with Spain in World War II are contained in Herbert Feis, The Spanish Story (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1948), and Canton J. H. Hayes, Wartime Mission to Spain, 1942-1945 (New York, The Macmillan Co., 1945).
 
90 Msg, Prime Minister to President, 2 Dec 42, Item 63a, Exec.10. (2) CCS 135, 26 Dec 42, title: Basic Strategic Concept for 1943. The paper was a JCS memo. (3) CCS 135/1, 2 Jan 43, title: Basic Strategic Concept for 1943-the European Theater. The paper was a memo by the British Chiefs of Staff.
 
91 Churchill, Hinge of Fate, p. 649.
 
92 (1) Ibid., pp. 698-99 (2) CCS 157, 18 Jan 43, title: Allied Plans Relating to Turkey. In this paper the British Joint Planning Staff argued that Turkey would, in the foreseeable future, be of greater value as a base for offensive air action than for ground action. A land offensive from Thrace via Salonika into the Balkans would stretch out Axis forces and support Balkan patriots. It would offer a great "prize" but, in their opinion, the immediate prospects for it were poor. Any such land offensive would depend on the Turks holding a secure bridgehead in Europe. (3) Min, 62d mtg CCS, 19 Jan 43.
 
93 For Roosevelt's and Churchill's views on Turkey, see especially (1) Churchill, Hinge of Fate, Book Two, Ch, 16; and (2) Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, pp. 657, 660, 683.
 
94 CCS 155/1, 19 Jan 43, title: Conduct of the War.
 
95 Min, 63d mtg CCS, 20 Jan 43.
 
96 (1) Memo, Gen Deane for Adms Leahy and King and Gens Marshall and Arnold, 4 May 43, sub: Situation in Turkey, Item 55, Exec to. The memo contains a message from the Prime Minister to the President of  25 April 1943 in which the Prime Minister objected to the characterization of the aid-to-Turkey program by an American official as "Feeding an 8 course dinner to an 8 day old baby" as overdrawing the picture. (2) Churchill, Hinge of Fate, p. 699.
 
97 Msg, Prime Minister to President. 10 Feb 43, No. 263, Item 63a, Exec 10.
 
98 For exchanges between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin in February-April 1943, see: (1) Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, p. 705; and (2) Churchill, Hinge of Fate, pp. 745-57
.
 
99 Churchill, Hinge of Fate, pp. 705-16.
 
100 Leighton and Coakley, Global Logistics and Strategy, 1940-43, Ch. XVII, contains a summary of the mechanics of military supply to Turkey, including Anglo-American differences over procedures in bidding for U.S. aid.
 
101 (1) OPD Outline Study of Allied Resistance to a Possible Axis Invasion of Turkey [about 1 Jan 43] Tab F-7 SYMBOL: Casablanca Books, Vol. I (1 May 43), Exec 6, Gen Handy's copy. A preliminary version of this plan is contained in Item 14, Exec 1. (2) Memo, Blizzard, Chief SS, for Wedemeyer, 3 Apr 43, sub: The Collapse of Italy, Tab 55, ABC 381 SS Papers, Nos. 2-95 (7 Jan 43)- (3) SS 54, 8 Apr 43, title: United Nations Courses of Action Subsequent to HUSKY, Tab 54,  ABC 381 SS Papers, Nos. 2-95 (7 Jan 43) (4) SS 54/2 [12 Apr 43], same title, Tab SS 54/2, ABC SS Papers, Nos. 2-95 (7 Jan 43).
 
102  Memo, JSSC for JCS, 8 Jan 43, sub: Strategic Concept for 1943, Item 69, Exec 10.
 
103 (1) CCS 135, 26 Dec 42, title: Basic Strategic Concept for 1943- (2) Memo, JSSC for JCS, 8 Jan 43 sub: Strategic Concept for 1943, Item 69, Exec 10.
 
104  Min, 62d mtg CCS, 19 Jan 43. For proposals and discussions on Turkey at Casablanca, see especially: (1) CCS 157, 18 Jan 43, title: Allied Plans Relating to Turkey (the paper is a memo by Br CSofS); (2) Min, 55th mtg JCS, 19 Jan 43; and (3) CCS 155/1, 19 Jan 43, title: Conduct of the War in 1943.
 
105 SS 13, 25 Jan 43, title: Turkey, Tab 1/25/43, ABC 336 Turkey (1-18-43).


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