Endnotes for Chapter V
1 For a detailed discussion of the late 1942 developments, see Cline,
Washington Command Post, pp. 413-17
2 Pers ltr, Wedemeyer to Handy, 22 Jan 43, no sub, Case 5, Item la, Exec
3.
3 Min, 79th mtg JCS, to May 43.
4 (1) Memo, Hull for Wedemeyer, 5 May 43, no sub, with Paper 37, Book
9, Exec 8. (2) Pencilled notation, Col Gailey, 5 May 43, appended to
memo [Deane] for Adm Leahy, Gen Marshall, Adm King, and Gen Arnold, 4
May 43, sub: Conduct of Coming Conf, with Paper 37, Book 9, Exec 8.
General Hull, then colonel, had .joined the War Plans Division in
December 1941 and was appointed Chief, European Section, Theater Group,
OPD, in April 1942. He became Chief, Theater Group, OPD, in December 1942.
5 On 16 January 1943 General McNarney proposed an investigation of the
JCS and all its subordinate agencies, His action led to the appointment of a
special committee, representing the Joint Deputy Chiefs of Staff and the JCS
Secretariat. Colonel Roberts of the War Department Operations Division was
designated to represent General McNarney. Toward the end of March 1943 the
committee submitted its report. The reorganization, which was carried out in
line with the committee's recommendations, on the whole remained in effect
throughout the period of hostilities. See: (1) JCS 202, 16 Jan 43, title:
War Planning Agencies; (2) JCS 202/D, 20 Jan 43, title: War Planning
Agencies; and (3) JCS 202/2, 25 Mar 43. title: War Planning Agencies.
6 JCS 149/D, 7 Nov 43, title: Charter of JSSC.
7 General Embick had been Assistant Chief of Staff, War Plans
Division, from March 1935 until May 1936 and Deputy Chief of Staff from May
1936 until October 1938. He had also served as a member of the Permanent
Joint Board of Defense of Canada and the United States, and of the
Inter-American Defense Board. General Fairchild had been Assistant Chief of
the Air Corps in 1941 and became Director of Military Requirements,
Headquarters, Army Air Forces, in 1942. Admiral Willson was a former
Superintendent of the U.S. Naval Academy and had served as Chief of Staff,
U.S. Fleet.
8 (1) JCS 202/D/10 5 May 43, title: Charter, JAdC. (2) Memo, DCofS for
Secretariat JCS, 5 May 43, sub: Army Representatives on JAdC, with JCS
202/D/10 in ABC 334.8 JAdC (5 May 43), 1-A.
9
Memo, OPD for COfS, 27 Apr 43, sub: Representation on War Planning
Agencies of JCS, ABC 381 United Nations (23 Jan 42), 2. The formal
charter of the JWPC is contained in JCS 202/14/D, 11 May 43, title:
Charter/ JWPC.
10 The JWPC was composed of a number of planning teams. The senior
planning team had the duty of assigning and reviewing the work of the
other planning teams, which were divided according to the major areas
of the world: (1) the Red Team-the Pacific and Far East; (2) the Blue
Team -the European-Mediterranean areas; and (3) the White Team-other
areas. A fourth team, the Rainbow Team, was concerned with inter-service
air plans, amphibious operations, and joint command organizations.
11 After service with the Chief of Engineers in 1940-42, Colonel Bessell
joined the Strategy Section of OPD in December 1942. He was promoted to
brigadier general on 27 May 1944.
12 Cline, Washington Command Post, Chs. XII, XIII.
13 Cline, Washington Command Post, Ch. XV.
14 For detailed discussion, see Cline, Washington Command Post,
Ch. XVII.
15 Memo, Wedemeyer for DCofS, 28 Apr 43, sub: Rpt of Mission Headed by
Gen Devers, OPD 381 Security, 118
16 Min, 79th mtg JCS, 10 May 43.
17 Arthur H. Vandenberg, Jr., The Private Papers of Senator Vandenberg
(Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1952), pp.
48-49. Senator Vandenberg went on to comment ". . . He [Marshall] also left
us with a new uneasiness about who makes our decisions and how, and about
the British dominion [domination]. I asked him, for example, whether there
was any disagreement with the British with the weight to be thrown into the
Pacific war. He did not answer directly; but he commented that before
Singapore, the British were all for heavy war in the Pacific, whereas they
are now `naturally' more interested in the European theater."
18 Biennial Report of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army,
July, 1, 1943 to June 30, 1945 to the Secretary of War (Washington,
Government Printing Office, 1945), p. 101.
19 (1) OPD brief, title: Notes . . . 43d mtg JPS, 28 Oct 42, filed with
JPS 57/6 in ABC 370.01
(7-25-42), 2. (2) Memo, Brig Gen Idwal H. Edwards
for Gen McNarney, 4 Feb 43, sub: Troop Basis, 1943, WDCSA 320.2
(1942-43), III.
20 Matloff and Snell, Strategic Planning: 1941-42, Ch. XVI.
21 For a discussion of the late 1942 factors influencing Army Troop
Basis calculations, see Kent Roberts Greenfield, Robert R. Palmer, and Bell
I. Wiley, The Organization of Ground Combat Troops, UNITED STATES ARMY IN
WORLD WAR II (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1947), PP. 214-17.
22
(1) Memo, G-3 for Wedemeyer, 3 Sep 42, sub: Mobilization Plan for 1943, with
JPS 53 in ABC 370.01 (7-25-42), 1. (2) Memo, G-3 for CofS, 15
Sep 42, sub: Mobilization Plans, Book 6, Exec 8. (3) JPS 57/3, 21 Sep
42, title: Troop Bases for All Services, Calendar Year, 1943. (4) Memo,
Leahy for President, 30 Sep 42, no sub, with JPS 57/5/D, ABC 370.01
(7-25-42), 2. (5) Memo, J. K. W. [Lt Col James K. Woolnough], for Gen
Wedemeyer, 12 Nov 42, sub: Strength of the Army for the Calendar Year
1943, with JPS 57/6 in ABC 370.01 (7-25-42), 2. (6) Memo, G-3 for CG AGF
and CG SOS, 25 Jan 43, sub: Troop Unit Basis, 1943, WDGCT 320.2 General
(1-25-45).
23 For a description of the early 1943 difficulties, see Greenfield,
Palmer, and Wiley, Organization of the Ground Combat Troops, pp. 220-23.
24 Memo, WPD for G-4, 27 Dec 41, sub: Troop Basis for Victory Program,
WPD 4494-26.
25 JCS 154, 24 Nov 42, title: Troop Bases for All Services for 1944 and
Beyond.
26 JCS 154/1, 24 Dec 42, title: Troop Basis for All Services for
1944 and Beyond. JCS approved the study at their 48th meeting, on 29
December 1942.
27 OPD brief, title: Notes . . . 48th mtg JCS, 29 Dec 42, with JCS 154/1
in ABC 370.01 (7-25-42), 2.
28 Memo, Leahy for President, 30 Sep 42, no sub, with JPS 57/D in ABC
370.01 (7-25-42), 2.
29 Bureau of the Budget, The United States at War, Development and
Administration of the War Program by the Federal Government (Washington
Government Printing Office, 1946) (hereafter cited at Bureau of the Budget
United States at War), pp. 445-46.
30 Robert R. Palmer, Bell I. Wiley, and
William R. Keast, The
Procurement and Training of Ground Combat Troops, UNITED STATES ARMY IN
WORLD WAR II (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1948), p. 71.
31 (1) Bureau of the Budget, The United States at War, pp. 173-74, 452.
(2) A Short History of the War Manpower Commission (Washington,
Government Printing Office, 1948), p. 138. (3) Leahy, I Was There, pp.
149.-50.
32 Memo, Edwards for CG's AAF, AGF, ASF, 29 Jan 43, sub: Reduction
in Training Establishments and Other Zone of Interior Activities, WDCSA 320.2 (1942-43),
III.
33 (1) Ltr, Marshall to McNarney, 10 Jan 43, WDCSA 334 WDMB. (2) Memo,
Gasser for CofS, 11 Feb 43, sub: Missions and Functions of the WDMB and
Methods of Procedure, WDCSA 334 WDMB.
For the operations of the WDMB, see: (1) memo, Gasser for CofS, 1 Mar
43, sub: WDMB Method of Procedure, WDCSA 334 WDMB; (2) memo, Brig Gen
Miller G. White, G-1, for CofS, 4 Mar 43, sub: WDMB, WDCSA 334 WDMB; (3)
ltr, Marshall to CG AGF, 9 Mar 43, sub: WDMB, WDCSA 334 WDMB; (4) memo,
Gasser for CofS, 30 Oct 44, sub: Abstract of Comments Made by Survey
Teams of the WDMB on Organization, Policies, and Procedures in the
Installations and Activities of the Four Continental Air Forces, G-3
Boards, 1942-44, Vol. I; (5) WD Circular 103, 15 Apr 43.
34 Min, 6oth mtg JCS, 2 Feb 43.
35 (1) JCS 218, 12 Feb 43, title: Personnel and Deployment. (2) Min, 62d mtg JCS, 16 Feb 43. (3) See also Rpt of WD Committee on Deployment of
U.S. Army Forces in 1943, 23 Feb 43, Item 16, Exec 1.
36 Memo, Hull for CofS, 8 Jul 44, sub: Rpt on Reductions in Troop
Strength of Western Hemisphere Defensive Installations, ABC 370.5
(2-2-43).
37 (1) Memo Brig Gen Patrick H. Tansey and Lt Col Marshall S. Carter for
Gen Handy, 3 Feb 43, sub: Troop Basis Planning. (2) Memo, Edwards for
ACofS, G-1, G-4, OPD, and CG's SOS, AAF, AGF, 25 Feb 43, sub: Troop
Basis Planning. Both in OPD 320.2, 673.
38 (1) Final draft of a text prepared for Mr. Green of the Senate
Military Affairs Committee by SOS with OPD and G-3 co-operation, 16 Feb
43, title: Size of the Army, OPD 320.2, 678. (2) Memo, Marshall for SW,
5 Feb 43, sub: Manpower, WDCSA 320 Super Secret. (3) Ltr, Stimson to
Knox, 12 Feb 43, WDCSA 320 Super Secret. (4) Address by Stimson, 9 Mar
43, title: The Size of the Army, OPD 320.2, 678.
39 (1) Min, Gen Council mtg, 1 Feb 43, OPD 334.8 Gen Council, II. (2)
Memo, North for Handy, 14 Feb 43, no sub, Book 7, Exec 8.
40 Min, Gen Council mtg, 8 Mar 43, OPD 334.8 Gen Council, II.
41 Memo, Handy for Bessell et al., 26 Feb 43, sub: Current
Military Program, ABC 400 (2-20-43).
42 Rpt by Sp Army Committee, 15 Mar 43, title: Survey of Current
Military Program, ABC 400 (2-20-43).
43 Ibid.
44 Rpt of Sp Army Committee (rev), 28 Apr 43, ABC 400 (2-20-43).
45 Ibid.
While the Bessell Committee was delving into the military program,
another special committee appointed by the President and composed of
Harry Hopkins, James F. Byrnes, Admiral Leahy, Bernard Baruch, and Judge
Samuel Rosenman was looking into civilian labor shortages. This
committee advocated a total of 11,600,000 men for the armed forces.
Leahy's participation on the committee made him acutely conscious of the
manpower deficits and in favor of strict economy in military personnel.
(1) Leahy, I Was There, pp. 149-50. (2) Min, 66th mtg JCS, 16 Mar 43.
46 JPS 57/8, 26 Apr 43, title: Troop Bases for All Services for 1944 and
Beyond.
47 The industrial manpower Policies of the War Department in Word War II
is treated in Byron Fairchild and Jonathan P. Grossman, The Army and
Industrial Manpower, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II
(Washington, Government Printing Office, 1959).
48 Memo, Maj Gen Leonard T. Gerow for McNarney, 6 Feb 41, no sub, Item
11, Exec 4.
49 (1) Memo, Wedemeyer for DCofS, 28 Apr 43, sub: Rpt of Mission Headed
by Gen Devers. (2) Memo, Ferenbaugh for DCofS, 30 Apr 43, sub: Rpt of
Mission Headed by Gen Devers. Both in OPD 381 Security, 118.
50 (1) JCS 271, 24 Apr 43, title: Operations subsequent to HUSKY.
(2) OPD brief, title: Notes... 76th mtg JCS,27 Apr 43, Operations subsequent
to "HUSKY" (JCS 271), with JCS 271 in ABC 384 Post HUSKY (14 May
1943), I. (3) Min, 76th mtg JCS, 27 Apr 43. (4) Memo, Capt Royal, USN,
Deputy Secy JPS, 28 Apr 43, sub: operation Subsequent to HUSKY, with JPS
169/D in ABC 384 Post HUSKY (14 May 1943),I.
51 (1) SS 79, 28 Apr 43, title: Global Estimate of the Situation, TRIDENT
Revision of SYMBOL: Casablanca Books (1 May 1943), Vol, I, Exec 6. In
making this study, the SS had worked closely with G-2 and the AAF. (2)
Memo, Lt Col Harold P. Tasker, OPD, for JSSC, 28 Apr 43, sub: Global
Estimate of the Situation, with Paper 41 in ABC 381 (9-25-
41), VII.
52 (1) Memo, Embick, JSSC for S&P Gp OPD, 1 May 43, sub: Comments on
OPD. (2) "Global Estimate of the Situation;" dated 28 Apr 1943 and appended
informal memo, M. S. F. [Fairchild] [evidently to Embick about 1 May 43],
sub: Comments on Global Estimate of the Situation. Both with. Paper 41 in ABC 381 (9-25-41), VII. General Marshall noted both of these
memoranda.
53 Memo, Hull, Actg ACofS OPD, for Marshall, 3 May 43, no sub, Item 15,
Exec 3. These plans were prepared in collaboration with G-2, AAF, and ASF and
submitted to the JPS. The three plans were: (1) SS 75, 1 May 43, title:
Operations To Be Undertaken in the Event HUSKY Cannot Be Executed; (2) SS
54/1, 8 Apr 43, title: United Nations Courses of Action Subsequent to HUSKY;
and (3) SS 54/2 [12 Apr 43], title: United Nations Courses of Action
Subsequent to HUSKY. All three in ABC 381 SS Papers, Nos. 2-95 (7 Jan 43).
General Hull's planners favored the 8 April plan, while he himself preferred
the 12 April plan.
54 (1) JCS 291 and JCS 291 /1, 7 and 8 May 43, title: Invasion of the
European Continent From the U.K. in 1943-44. (2) JCS 288 and JCS 288/1, 7
and 8 May 43, title: Invasion of the European Continent From Bases in the
Mediterranean in 1943-44. (3) JCS 293, 7 May 43, title: Limited Operations
in the Mediterranean in 1943-44. (4) Min, 78th mtg JCS, 8 May 43. (5) JCS
290 and 290/1, 7 and 8 May 43, title: Conduct of the War in 1943-44. (6) See
also below, p. 135, n. 21.
55 (1) JCS 286/1, 8 May 43, title: Recommended Line of Action at Coming
Conf. JCS 286/ 1 is a revision of JCS proposals contained in JCS 286, 6
May 43, same title. (2) For JCS approval of JCS 286/1, see min, 78th mtg JCS, 8 May 43.
56 Leahy, I Was There, pp. 157-58.
57 Searches of the official files in
Washington and of the Roosevelt and Hopkins Papers at Hyde Park have yielded
no record of the minutes of the meetings of 2 May and 8 May of the JCS with
the President at the White House. The only record even in published
accounts-that has turned up is in Admiral Leahy's memoirs.
Return to the Table of Contents
