Endnotes for Chapter VIII
1 The above summary is based mainly on: (1) tel convs, SW and Gen Marshall,
0905, 19 Jul 43, Paper 2, Book 11, Exec 9; (2) interv, Dr. Mathews and Majs
Lamson and Hamilton with Gen Marshall, 25 Jul 49, OCMH files; (3) memo for
rcd, 27 Jul 43, sub: Talk With Eisenhower, SW files, War Plans, 51; (4)
incl to ltr, Stimson to Hopkins, 4 Aug 43, SW files, White House, 36; (5) SS
57/2, 22 Jul 43, title: United Nations Courses of Action in the Event of the
Collapse of Italy, Tab SS 57/2, ABC 381 SS Papers, Nos. 2-95 (7 Jan 43); (6)
Churchill, Closing the Ring, pp. 35-36; (7) Churchill, Hinge of Fate, p.
826; and (8) Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, pp. 429-35.
2 Leahy, I Was There, pp. 165-66.
3 Memo, Roberts for Handy, 10 Jun 43, sub: Azores Operations, Paper 53, Book
10, Exec 8.
4 (1) Notes by CofS [about 27 Jun 43], on JCS 877 (rev), Operations To
Assist Portugal, with Paper 2, Item 26, Exec 1. (2) App. "A" to Incl "A,"
draft msg, President to Prime Minister [27 Jun 43], Paper 102, Book 10, Exec
8. The message was prepared by OPD and revised by the CofS. (8) Informal
memo, G. C. M. for Handy [about 27 Jun 43], with Paper 102, Book 10, Exec 8.
(4) OPD draft memo [CofS for President], sub: Operations To Assist Portugal,
with App. "A," draft msg, President to Prime Minister, Paper 2, Item 26,
Exec 1. The draft memo and appended message, accepted by the Chief of Staff,
were sent to Admiral Leahy on 30 June 1943
5 App. "A;" draft msg, President to Prime Minister, appended to OPD draft
memo [CofS for President], sub: Operations To Assist Portugal, with Paper
2, Item 26, Exec 1. Two copies of the message bear notations stating that
the message was "sent by President 30 June 1943."
6 Pers ltr, Wedemeyer to [Handy], 4 Jul 43, with Tab 16 in ABC 381 HUSKY
(1943), 1-B.
7 SS 111, 5 Jun 43, title: Conduct of the War, 1944-45, with Tab SS 111 in ABC 381 SS Papers, Nos.
96-126/3 (7 Jan 43). A draft of the paper had
been submitted to the Chief of Staff on 8 June 1943.
8 Memo, Hull for Handy, 17 Jul 43, no sub, with Tab SS 111 in ABC 381 SS
Papers, Nos. 96-126/3 (7 Jan 43).
9 Ibid.
10 Paper, Connor, OPD [evidently for Hull] [late July 1943], sub: Results
Accruing From Changes in Strategic Plans and Concepts, with Tab SS 90 in ABC
381 SS Papers, Nos. 2-95 (7 Jan 43). The paper is preceded by an informal
memo from Hull for Handy in late July 1943 mentioning Colonel Connor as the
author of the paper, forwarded for General Handy's consideration.
11 Rpt of Bessell and Lindsay, 25 Jul 43, sub Conduct of the
War, with Tab SS 90 in ABC 381 SS Papers, Nos. 2-95 (7 Jan 43).
12 The
figures cited in the Bessell-Lindsay report have been corrected. The figures mentioned above are based upon STM-30,
1 Jan 48, and AAF Statistical
Digest, 1945.
13 Rpt of Bessell and Lindsay, 25 Jul 43, sub: Conduct of the War, with
Tab SS 90 in ABC 381 SS Papers, Nos. 2-95 (7 Jan 43).
14 JPS 231, 26 Jul 43, title: Operations in the European-Mediterranean
Area, 1943-44. JPS 231 was never presented formally to the JCS, but Marshall
did receive a copy. See WDCSA 381, II.
15 Min, 89th mtg JPS, 4 Aug 43.
16 For General Morgan's summary of his directive from the CCS, see ltr, Gen
Morgan, CofS to the Supreme Allied Commander (designate), Hq COSSAC, Norfolk
House, for Secy Chiefs of Staff Committee, Office of the War Cabinet, 15 Jul
43, COSSAC (43) 28, Incl B to CCS 334, to Aug 43, title: Operation "OVERLORD" Outline Plan, Official QUADRANT Conf Book.
17 JCS 442, 5 Aug 43, title: Operation "OVERLORD."
Various Washington Army planners in July and early August 1943 were kept
abreast of the progress of the COSSAC planners in evolving the OVERLORD plan
before the plan was actually submitted for the consideration of the JCS on 5
August: (1) Col. Edward H, McDaniel of OPD, a member of the Red Team of the
JWPC, evidently had the opportunity of discussing the planning for OVERLORD
with General Morgan's staff during the visit of the Red Team to the United
Kingdom in July. See msg, Br JPS, London, to U.S. JPS, Washington, 2 Jul 43,
Red 283, with JCS 291/1 in ABC 384 Europe (5 Aug 43), 1-A. (2) On 26 July,
General Wedemeyer learned that the British Chiefs of Staff were then
studying General Morgan's outline plan, which they had received shortly
before. Pers memo, Brigadier A. T, Cornwall-Jones, Office of War Cabinet,
for General Wedemeyer, 26 Jul 43, with CCS 268/3 in ABC 384 Post HUSKY (14
May 1943), I. (3) In early August, Col. G. A. Lincoln of OPD received a
report of the views of Maj. Gen. Ray W. Barker, an American member of
General Morgan's staff, expressed at a conference with military leaders in
Washington, shortly after General Barker's return from the United Kingdom.
See [OPD] memo for Col Lincoln [about 4 Aug 43], no sub, with JCS 442 in ABC
184 Europe (5 Aug 43), 1-A.
18 JCS 442, 5 Aug 43, title: Operation "OVERLORD." A full discussion of
the OVER-ORD plan from its inception through the landings in Normandy is
contained in Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack. See also: (1) Lt, Gen. Sir
Frederick Morgan, Overture to Overlord (New York, Doubleday and Company,
Inc., ig5o); (2) Forrest C. Pogue, The Supreme Command, UNITED STATES ARMY
IN WORLD WAR II (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1954); and (3) Ruppenthal,
Logistical Support, I.
19 JCS 442, 5 Aug 43, title: Operation "OVERLORD."
20 JCS 442, 5 Aug 43, title: Operation "OVERLORD."
21 For General Marshall's questions to General Barker on the feasibility
of OVERLORD, see min, 100th mtg JCS, 6 Aug 43.
22 Min, 100th mtg JCS, 6 Aug 50.
23 (1) OPD brief, title: Notes . . . 100th mtg JCS, 6 Aug 43, Operation
"OVERLORD" (JCS 442), with JCS 442 in ABC 384 Europe (5 Aug 43), 1-A. (2)
Min, 94th mtg JPS, 12 Aug 43. (3) JPS 253, 13 Aug 43, title: Comments on COSSAC Outline Plan for Operation OVERLORD and CCS 304 (Covering Note of the
Br COS). (4) Memo, Secy JPS for Gen Wedemeyer, Adm Cooke, and Gen Kuter, 13
Aug 43, sub: Comments on COSSAC Outline Plan for Operation OVERLORD and CCS
304, with JPS 253 in ABC 384 Europe (5 Aug 43), 1-A.
24 CCS 303, 9 Aug 45, title: Strategic Concept for the Defeat of the Axis in
Europe. (2) Min, 102d mtg JCS, 9 Aug 43.
25 Ltr, Wedemeyer to Handy cited n. 6.
26 For General Marshall's report of his discussion with the President,
see memo, Lt Col Walter E. Todd, Deputy Chief S&P Gp OPD, for ACofS OPD, 26 Jul
43, sub: Special JCS Mtg, 26 Jul 43, Paper 2, Item 11, Exec 5. Colonel
Todd, who was present at the special JCS meeting of 26 July, discusses
Marshall's report in his summary of the transactions. The formal record of
the minutes of the meetings of that day does not refer to Marshall's
discussion with the President.
27 For the JCS concept, see: CCS 303, 9 Aug 43, title: Strategic Concept for
the Defeat of the Axis in Europe; and min, toed mtg JCS, 9 Aug 43.
The JCS concept was evolved after considerable study and discussion on the
joint planning levels. See especially: (1) JCS 443, 5 Aug 43, title:
QUADRANT and European Strategy (JCS 443 was presented by the JSSC); (2)
min, 101st mtg JCS, 7 Aug 43; (3) JCS 444, 5 Aug 43, title: Strategic
Concept for the Defeat of the Axis in Europe (these JWPC views were
circulated to JPS in JPS 242, 5 Aug 43, same title); (4) JCS 444/1, 5 Aug
43, same title (this paper containing views of Army planners of JPS is the
same as JPS 242/1, 5 Aug 43, same title); (5) min, 89th mtg JPS, 4 Aug 43;
(6) SS 93, 3 Aug 43, sub: Comments on Strategic Concept for the Defeat of
the Axis in Europe (JWPC 48/3 (rev)), Tab SS 93, ABC 381 SS Papers, Nos.
2-95 (7 Jan 43); and (7) memo, Bessell for Wedemeyer, 6 Aug 43, sub:
Strategic Concept for the Defeat of the Axis in Europe, with JPS 242/1 in
ABC 381 Europe (5 Aug 43).
28 For JWPC and SS views, see especially SS 93, 3 Aug 43, sub: Comments on
Strategic Concept for the Defeat of the Axis in Europe (JWPC 48/3 (rev)),
Tab SS 93, ABC 381 SS Papers Nos. 2-95 (7 Jan 43).
29 (1) Memo, Todd, Deputy Chief S&P Gp OPD for ACofS OPD, 26 Jul 43, sub: Sp
JCS Mtg, 26 Jul 43, Paper 2, Item 11, Exec 5. (2) Min, sp mtg JCS, 26 Jul
43.
30 (1) CCS 303, 9 Aug 43, title: Strategic Concept for the Defeat of the
Axis in Europe. (2) Min, 102d mtg JCS, 9 Aug 43.
31 For versions of the drafts, which differed slightly from each other,
prepared by OPD for submission to the Chief of Staff, see: (1) memo
[evidently by SS OPD] for COfS, 7 Aug 43, sub: Conduct of the War in Europe,
with Paper 43 in ABC 381 (9-25-41), VII; (2) SS 90, 8 Aug 43, title: Conduct
of the War in Europe, Tab SS 90, ABC 381 SS Papers, Nos. 2-95 (7 Jan 43) (SS
90 is preceded by an informal, unsigned note stating that SS 90 represents
"in general, U.S. views concerning strategy in Europe-an interpretation
based on current JCS Papers and minutes."); (3) for the distribution of SS
90 to all U.S. officers who attended QUADRANT, see penciled notation on copy
of SS 90, 8 Aug 43, title: Conduct of the War in Europe, with Bull 2 in ABC
337 (25 May 43); (4) memo, Handy [evidently for Marshall], 8 Aug 43, sub:
Conduct of the War in Europe, Item 51, Exec 10 (this version, which
incorporated SS 90 with slight additions, was taken by Handy to the QUADRANT
Conference); (5) a copy of SS 90 was forwarded to the President (memo for
President, 8 Aug 43, in Roosevelt Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library).
32 SS 90, 8 Aug 43, title: Conduct of the War in Europe, Tab SS 90, ABC
381 SS Papers, Nos. 2-95 (7 Jan 43)
33 Memo, Handy [evidently for Marshall], 8 Aug 43, sub: Conduct of the
War in Europe, Item 5, Exec 10.
34 SS 90, 8 Aug 43, title: Conduct of the War in Europe, Tab SS 90, ABC
381 SS Papers, Nos. 2-95 (7 Jan 43).
35 Ibid. See also memo [evidently by SS OPD] for COfS, 7 Aug 43, sub:
Conduct of the War in Europe, with Paper 43 in ABC 381 (9-25-41), VII. In
this version of the memorandum specific goals beyond which subsequent
Mediterranean operations should not go were outlined. The planners affirmed
that a continuation of major ground operations in the Mediterranean beyond
the occupation of bases in Italy and the Italian islands would be
"uneconomical." They asserted that the point at which objectives of
Mediterranean operations would no longer justify the diversion of resources
from the U.K. build-up would be reached when bases in Italy required by the
United Nations for maximum air offensives and for diversionary attacks in
support of OVERLORD had been captured and occupied. These specific
statements on the limits of subsequent Mediterranean operations were
omitted from the 8 August version of the memorandum on "Conduct of the War
in Europe."
36 SS 90, 8 Aug 43, title: Conduct of the War in Europe, Tab SS 90, ABC
381 SS Papers, Nos. 2-95 (7 Jan 43).
37 Ibid.
38 For the earlier discussion of manpower, see Ch. V, above.
39 (1) Memo, Col Woolnough for Col Otto L. Nelson, Jr., 21 May 43, sub:
Troop Basis for All Services for 1944 and Beyond (JCS 154/2), OPD 320.2,
819. (2) Memo, McNarney for Maddocks, Chamberlain, and Carter, 24 May 43,
sub: Revision of Current Military Program, filed with Tab G with rpt by Sp
Army Committee, 15 Mar 43, in ABC 400 (2-20-43). Colonels Chamberlain and
Carter had been serving on a joint subcommittee appointed at the beginning
of the year to work on the long-range troop basis (JCS 154 series). Colonel
Maddocks had been serving as the Army planner's deputy in JPS and as the
senior Army member of joint U.S. Strategic Committee.
40 Interim rpt by Sp Army Committee, 1 Jun 43, title: Revision of Current
Military Program, submitted with memo, Maddocks, Chamberlain, and Carter
for CofS, 1 Jun 43, sub: Revision of Current Military Program, ABC 400
(2-20-43).
41 40,000 nurses had been added to the 8,208,000 figure.
42 Memo, Maddocks, Chamberlain, and Carter for DCofS, 5 Jun 43, sub:
Troop Bases for All Services for 1944 and Beyond, ,ABC 400 (2-20-43).
43 In June 1943, soon after the completion of its work, the Maddocks
Committee was dissolved. Besides submitting its general report of 1 June
for an orderly program of mobilization and deployment, the committee
submitted several special studies, including one on proposed changes in War
Department organization. Agreement on the respective missions and
jurisdiction of the Services-intimately bound up with questions of
organization-proved to be difficult, and the whole question was deferred for
solution until after the close of hostilities. For the committee's studies
and recommendations, see especially papers filed in OPD 320.2 and in ABC 400
(2-20-43). For a brief discussion of the wartime disagreements over service
roles, missions, and organization, see Ray S. Cline and Maurice Matloff,
"Development of War Department Views on Unification," in Military Affairs
(Summer 1949), XIII, No. 2, 65-74.
44 Interim rpt by Sp Army Committee, 1 Jun 43, title: Revision of Current
Military Program, filed in ABC 400 (2-20-43) contains General Marshall's
recommendations. An attached "Brief" of the report, 7 Jun 43, bears the
note: "This paper has the approval of the Secretary of War. 6/15/43. G. C.
M."
45 History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, MS, Sec. IIC, Mobilization and
Demobilization of Military Manpower, Ch. VII, "Planning and Troop Basis for
:All Services for 1944 and Beyond," by Maj William M. Moody.
46 (1) Memo, Marshall for President, 17 Jun 43, sub: Reduction in Army
Strength in 1943. (2) Memo, Marshall for President, 9 Jul 43, no sub. Both
in WDCSA 320.2 (1942-43), III.
47 (1) Memo, Gasser for CofS, 12 Jun 43, sub: Defense Comds of the
Continental U.S. (2) Memo, Handy for CofS, 3 Jul 43, same sub. Both in WDCSA
320.
48 (1) Memo, McNair for DCofS, 22 Jun 43, sub: Troop Unit Basis, 1943, WDCSA
320.2 (1942-43), III. (2) Greenfield, Palmer, and Wiley, The Organization
of Ground Combat Troops, pp. 22(1-27.
49 (1) Memo, Marshall for King, 20 Jul 43, no sub, WDCSA 320.2 (1942-43),
III. (2) Memo, H. H. Smith-Hutton for Maddocks, 1 Jan 44, no sub, OPD 320.2,
819. Actual Navy strength on 31 December 1943 totaled 2,261,392.
50 Ltr, Handy to Chairman, WD Procurement Review Bd, 12 Jul 43; sub:
Approved Operations and Deployment of U.S. Army Forces, filed with SS 126 in
ABC 381 SS Papers, Nos. 96-126/3 (7 Jan 43).
51 Memo for ACofS OPD, 12 Jul 43, sub: Notes for Testimony Before WD
Procurement Review Bd, filed with SS 126 in ABC 381 SS Papers, Nos.
96.126/3 (7 Jan 43).
52 (1) Ltr, Harold D. Smith, Director of the Budget, to Marshall, 8 May 43. (2)
Lit, Marshall to Smith, 24 May 43. (3) Ltr, Byrnes to Stimson, 24 Jun 43.
All in CG ASF, Procurement Review Bd. (4) Ltr, Marshall to Chairman, WD
Procurement Review Bd, 30 Jun 43, sub: Procurement Review, filed with SS 126
in ABC 381 SS Papers, Nos, 96-126/3 (7 Jan 43).
53 (1) Testimony of McNarney before the WD Procurement Review Bd, 13 Jul 43,
in min of the Procurement Review Bd, Vol. 1. (2) Min, 97th mtg JCS, 20 Jul
43.
54 (1) Comments of War Department on the Recommendations and Related
Conclusions contained in the rpt of the WD Procurement Review Bd, 31 Aug 43,
in Levels of Supply and Supply Procurement, Vol I, App. "C," ABC 400 (31
Aug 43), I. (2) Ltr, Stimson to Byrnes, 3 Feb 44, WDCSA 400, 7.
55 Actually, the prolongation of the war in Europe into 1945 required
the Army to exceed this figure by over 500,000.
56 During the summer of 1943, one infantry division (the 89th) from the
existing total of eighty-eight was converted into alight division-the 89th
Light Division (Truck); the 71st Light Division (Pack, jungle) was formed
out of miscellaneous elements, giving a total of eighty-nine. The Chief of
Staff added the 10th Mountain Division, making ninety divisions. The 2d
Cavalry Division was later inactivated in North Africa, giving a final total
of eighty-nine.
57 The 13th Airborne Division stationed in Europe and the 98th Infantry
Division stationed in Hawaii failed to get into action.
58 (1) John J. McCloy, "In Defense of the Army Mind," in Harper's
Magazine, Vol. 194 (April 1947), PP. 341-44. (2) Interv with Brig Gen Frank
N. Roberts, 29 Mar 51, OCMH files. (3) Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service,
p. 476.
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