Endnotes for Chapter IX
1 Memo, JPS for JWPC, 27 May 43, sub: Examination Into Pacific Theater,
with JWPC 39/D in ABC 384 Marshall Islands (10 Jun 43), 1.
2 (1) Min, 56th mtg CCS, 14 Jan 43. (2) Min, 92d mtg CCS, 21 May 43. (3) For
a discussion of U.S. plans in the prewar era in regard to the Philippines,
see Louis Morton, "American and Allied Strategy in the Far East," in
Military Review, Vol. XXIX, No. 9 (December 1949).
3 (1) JCS 353, 11 Jun 43, title: Future Campaign Operations in POA. (2)
Memo, King for Marshall, 11 Jun 43, no sub, OPD 381 Security, 163. King
confided to Marshall that, in his opinion, they could have solved all of
these problems if they could have made their planned trip to the Pacific in
May.
4 (1) Msg, Marshall to MacArthur, 11 Jun 43, CM-OUT 4580. (2) Msg,
MacArthur to Marshall, 12 Jun 43, CM-IN 7367.
5 Min, 80th mtg JPS, 13 Jun 43
6 Ibid.
7 (1) Min, 80th mtg JPS, 13 Jun 43. (2) JCS 353/1, 14 Jun 43, title:
Future Campaign Operations in POA.
8 Min, 92d mtg JCS, 15 Jun 43.
9 Msg, JCS to CINCSWPA, 15 Jun 43, CM-OUT 6093. This message had
originally been drafted by the JWPC and revised by Colonel Roberts to meet
the objections of General Marshall and the Navy. At General Marshall's
direction it was dispatched before it had been formally approved by the
JCS,
since the need for the information was urgent. General Handy made
several final changes and approved the message for dispatch. (1) Draft msg, JCS
to CINCSWPA, with pencilled note "sent this to Col. Gailey for his file-F.
N. R. [Col. Roberts]," OPD 381 Security, 167. (2) Tel convs, Col Roberts
with Adm Cooke, 15 Jun 43 with JCS 353/1 in ABC 384 Pacific (1-17-43),
1-A.
10 (1) JPS 205/1, 17 Jun 43, title: Operations Against the Marshall
Islands. (2) JPS 205/3, 10 Jul 43, same title.
11 Msg, MacArthur to Marshall, 20 Jun 43, CM-IN 13149.
12 (1) Msg, MacArthur to Marshall, 20 Jun 43, CM-IN 12647. (2) Msg, same
to same, 20 Jun 43, CM-IN 13149. (39) Msg, same to same, 22 Jun 43, CM-IN
13605. Halsey later reported that he would use part of the 37th Division
in New Georgia and the 2d Marine Division and the 25th Division in the Buin Faisi operation.
13 (1) Memo, King for CofS, 14 Jun 43, sub: Withdrawal of .the 1st Marine
Division and Change of Allocation of Two Army Divisions to SWPA From
Tentative to Firm Assignment (JCS 238/3). (2) Memo, Marshall for COMINCH,
23 Jun 43, same sub. Both in WDCSA SOPAC. (3) OPD draft memo, CofS for CNO,
23 Jun 43, same sub, OPD 320.2 Australia, 184. The 1st Cavalry Division
actually arrived in July and the 24th Division in September. The 33d
Division, dispatched from the United States, arrived in Hawaii in July to
replace the 24th Division.
14 Msgs, Arnold to Harmon and MacArthur for Kenney, 22 Jun 43, CM-OUT
9340
and CM-OUT
9341.
15 Msg, MacArthur to Marshall, 24 Jun 43, CM-IN 15013.
16 Msg, Harmon to CofS for Arnold, 25 Jun 43, CM-IN 15655.
17 Craven and Cate, AAF IV, 169, 293. Not only did SWPA prevent any
diversions of bombers but the War Department also added two new fighter
groups, the 348th and 475th, to SWPA's air forces during the early summer
of 1943.
18 Memo, Bessell for Roberts, 18 Jun 43, sub: JPS 205/2, Operations
Against the Marshall Islands, ABC 384 Marshall Islands (10 Jun 43), 1.
19 SS 115/1, 23 Jun 43, title: Operations in the Central Pacific, with JPS
205/2 in ABC 384 Marshall Islands (10 Jun 43),1.
20 (1) Ibid. (2) OPD brief, no date, title: A Summation of Memo on
Operations in the Central Pacific (JPS 205/1 and JPS 205/2), with JPS
205/2 in ABC 384 Marshall Islands (10 Jun 43), 1.
21 (1) Min, 80th mtg JPS, 13 Jun 43. (2) Memo, Bessell for Roberts, 18 Jun
43, sub: JPS 205/2, Operations Against the Marshall Islands, ABC 384
Marshall Islands (10 Jun 43), 1. (3) JCS 386, 28 Jun 43, title: Strategy
in the Pacific.
22 Min, 94th mtg JCS, 29 Jun 43.
23 OPD brief, title: Notes . . . JCS 94th mtg, 29 Jun 43, with JCS 386
in ABC 384 Pacific (28 Jun 43).
24 JCS 386/1, 19 Jul 43, title: Strategy in the Pacific.
25 OPD brief, title: Notes . . . 97th mtg JCS, 20 Jul 43, Strategy in
the Pacific (JCS 386/1), with JCS 386/1 in ABC 384 Pacific (28 Jun 43).
26 (1) Min, 97th mtg JCS, 20 Jul 43. (2) Memo, COMINCH for JCS, 20 Jul 43,
sub: Strategy in the Pacific, ABC 384 Pacific (28 Jun 43).
27 Navy msg, 202204, JCS to CINCPAC, 20 Jul 43, CM-OUT 14465.
28 (1) Ltr, King to Marshall, 22 Jul 43, no sub, WDCSA SOPAC, Super
Secret. (2) OPD revised draft memo, 28 Jul 43, sub: Release of the 1st or 3d
Marine Divisions for Operations in CPA, OPD 381 Security, 196. With this
draft is an informal memo, G. C. M. for Gen Handy. (3) Memo, Marshall for
King, 29 Jul 43, same sub, WDCSA SOPAC, Super Secret. (4) Memo, Rear Adm
Richard S. Edwards for Gen Marshall, 31 Jul 43, sub: Designation of 27th Div
to the Gilbert Operation, OPD 381 Security, 196.
29 (1) JPS 234, 31 Jul 43, title: Operations for the Seizure of Ponape.
(2) JPS 235, 31 Jul 43, title: Operations Against the Carolines (Truk Area).
(3) JPS 236, 31 Jul 43, title: Operations Against the Palau Islands.
30 See: (1) Ch. IV, above; (2) John Miller, jr., CARTWHEEL: The
Reduction of Rabaul, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II (Washington,
Government Printing Office, 1958).
31 Japanese General Staff Under the Direction of SCAP, Japanese
Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area, 8 December 1941 to 2 September
1945 (Vol. II), Ch. VII, 7n, MS in OCMH files.
32 (1) JPS 243, 5 Aug 43, title: Operations in the New Guinea-Bismarck
Archipelago-Admiralty Islands Area, Subsequent to CARTWHEEL. (2) JPS 244, 8
Aug 43, title: Plan of Operations in New Guinea Subsequent to the Bismarck
Archipelago-Admiralty Islands Operations and the Seizure of Wewak.
33 Msg, Marshall to MacArthur, 19 Jul 43, CMOUT 7555.
34 (1) Msg, Marshall to MacArthur. 21 Jul 43, CM-OUT 8604. (2) Msg,
MacArthur to Marshall, 23 Jul 43, CM-IN 16419.
35 There is no indication that SWPA had forwarded to the War Department
any copies of the first RENO plan, the predecessor of RENO II.
36 Ltr, MacArthur to CofS, 3 Aug 43, sub: RENO Plan, OPD 381 Security,
214.
37 Some documents use Menado. Board of Geographic Names lists the full
name, Palau Manadotua.
38 RENO II, 3 Aug 43, title: Operations of SWPA,
OPD RENO II, 3 Aug 43.
39 (1) Navy msg, 192345, DeWitt to CINCPAC, 19 May 43. (2) Navy msg,
210247, CINCPAC to COMINCH, 21 May 43. (3) Ltr, Marshall to King, 23 May
43, sub: Reduction and Occupation of Amateur. All in OPD 381 Security,
132.
40 (1) Memo, Col Thomas J. Betts for Gen Wedemeyer, 31 May 43, sub: Kiska, ABC 381 Japan (531-42), 11. (2).Memo, Wedemeyer for Hull, 31 May
43, sub: Seizure of Kiska Island, OPD 381 Security, 132. (3) Memo,
Wedemeyer for Hull, 2 Jun 43, sub: Seizure of Kiska, OPD 381 Security,
132. (4) Memo, Fairchild for Wedemeyer, 2 Jun 43, no sub, ABC 381 Japan
(5-31-42), II. Wedemeyer based his opinion on the G-2 estimate that the
Japanese would probably not evacuate Kiska.
41 Min, 91st mtg JCS 8 Jun 43. For continued disagreement by some OPD
officers on an operation against Kiska, see memo, Col Blizzard for Gen
Handy, 10 Jun 43, sub: Seizure of Kiska, OPD 381 Security, 132.
42 Memo, Deane for Marshall, 10 Jun 43; sub: PLOUGH Force, OPD 381 Security,
162. PLOUGH Force was the 1st Special Service Force, composed of U.S. and
Canadian volunteers, originally specially trained and equipped to operate
in snow. Partly in response to the Prime Minister's desire to invade
Norway, the War Department had organized this special regimental combat
force under Col. Robert T. Frederick in the summer of 1942. Since the
project against Norway was not executed, various alternatives for the
force were subsequently suggested. It was committed to the Kiska operation
(August 1943) and was later sent to Italy (November 1943). See;: (1) Lt. Col. Robert D.
Burhans, The First Special Service Force (Washington, Infantry Journal
Press, 1947): (2) Matloff and Snell, Strategic Planning: 1941-42, p. 244.
43 (1) JCS 346/2, 11 Jun 43, title: COTTAGE. (2) Msg, JCS to DeWitt, 14
Jun 43, CM-OUT 5847 (3) Msg, DeWitt to Marshall, 16 Jul 43, CM-IN 11108.
44 (1) Ltr, DeWitt to Marshall, 27 Aug 43, no sub, WDCSA Alaska Super
Secret. (2) Craven and Cate, AAF IV, 391.
45 (1) Craven and Cate, AAF IV, 391. (2) Samuel Eliot Morison, History of
United States Naval Operations in World War II, VII, Aleutians, Gilberts
and Marshalls, June 1942-April 1944 (Boston, Little, Brown and Company,
1951) (hereafter cited as Morison, Aleutians, Gilberts, and Marshalls),
pp. 61-65.
46 (1) Msg, Marshall to Stilwell, 19 Jun 43, CMOUT 5452 (2) Msg, CCS to
Bissell, 19 Jun 43, CM-OUT 7873.
47 (1) Msg, Marshall to Wheeler, 19 Jun 43, CM-OUT 8235. (2) Msg, Wheeler
to Marshall, 22 Jun 48, CM-IN 14002. (3) Msg, Stilwell to Marshall, 20 Jul
48, CM-IN 15245, (4) Craven and Cate, AAF
IV, 444.
For the previous progress on the airfields and the fixing of
responsibility therefor, see: (1) msg, Marshall to Wheeler, 4 Jun 43,
CM-OUT 1828; (2) msg, Wheeler to Marshall, 9 Jun 48, CM-IN 5471; and (3)
msg, Kight to George for Alexander, 18 Jun 48, CM-IN 11878.
48 Msg, Arnold to Alexander, 17 Jun 43, CM-OUT 6972.
49 Msg, Arnold to Stilwell, 17 Jul 48, CM-OUT 7030.
50 Msg, Alexander to Arnold, 19 Jul 48, CM-IN
13509.
51 (1) Msg, Stilwell to Marshall, 17 Jun 48, CM-IN 10750. (2) Craven and
Cate, AAF IV, 443-46. (3) Chennault, Way of a Fighter, p. 233. (4) Romanus
and Sunderland, Stilwell's Mission to China, Ch. IX.
52 (1) Msg, Stilwell [sgd Marshall] to Bissell, 25 May 43, CM-OUT 10746,
(2) Msg, Wheeler to Marshall for Stilwell, 27 May 43, CM-IN 17585 (3) Msg, Marshall to Eisenhower, 28 May 43, CM-OUT 12134. (4) Memo, McNarney
for ACofS OPD, 8 Jun 43, sub: Increase of Air Strength in China, OPD 452.1
China (4-11-42), 43. (5) Msgs, Marshall to Eisenhower and Stilwell, 8 Jun
43, CM-OUT 3556 and CM-OUT 3557. (6) Ltr, Handy to Stilwell, 18 Jun 43,
Book l0, Exec 8.
53 (1) Ltr, King to Marshall, 10 Jun 43, sub: Offensive Mine Warfare,
Coast of China and Indo China, Item 67c, Exec l0. (2) Memo, McNarney for
COMINCH and CNO, 22 Jun 43, same sub, WDCSA 381 China Super Secret. (3)
Memo, Marshall for COMINCH and CNO, 30 Jul 43, same sub, WDCSA 381 China
Super Secret. (4) Msg, Marshall to Stilwell, 7 Jul 43, CM-OUT 2912.
54 (1) Msg, Stilwell to Marshall, 20 Jun 43, CM-IN 12708. (2) Craven and
Cate, AAF IV, 522. (3) Romanus and Sunderland, Stilwell's Mission to
China, Ch. IX.
55 Memo, Kuter for CofAS, 21 Jun 43, sub: Augmentation of 10th and 14th
Air Forces, OPD 452.1 China (4-1 1-42), 43.
"
56 (1) Ltr, Davidson to CG AAF, 22 Jun 43, sub: Rpt on Practicability of
Operating Against Japanese Commerce From Chinese Bases Using Minimum
Altitude Bombing Tactics. (2) D/F, Handy for CG AAF, 5 Jul 43, sub: Rpt of
Practicability of Operations Against Japanese Commerce .... Both in OPD
381 .CTO, 163.
57 Ltr, Bissell to Handy, 6 Jul 43, OPD 381 CTO, 167.
58 (1) Msg, Stilwell to Marshall, 7 Jul 43, CM-IN 4925. (2) Msg, Stilwell
to Marshall, 13 Jul 43, CM-IN 10939. (3) OPD memo for rcd, 17 Jul 43, no
sub, OPD 381 CTO, 172. (4) Msg, Stilwell to Marshall, 5 Aug 43, CM-IN
3221. (5) Msg, Gen Marshall to Gen Devers for Dr. Soong, 7 Aug 43, CM-OUT
2401. (6) Msg, Stilwell to Marshall, 12 Aug 43, CM-IN 9724.
For a full discussion of the Nationalist-Communist negotiations in China
during 1943-44. see Herbert Feis, The China Tangle (Princeton, Princeton
University Press, 1953), pp. 75-76, 81-92, 136-44.
59 Msg, Chennault to Arnold, 25 Jul 43, CM-IN 18320.
60 Ltr, Mme. Chiang Kai-shek to President, 30 Jul 43, Book 11, Exec 9.
61 (1) Msg, Stilwell to Marshall, 31 Jul 43, CM-IN 357. (2) Memo, Kuter
for CG AAF, 3 Aug 43, sub: Comments on Cable AMMDEL AG 1155 July 31st From
Gen Stilwell Regarding the Increased Japanese Air Offensive in China, OPD
381 CTO, 169. (3) Memo, Timberman for Todd, 6 Aug 43, sub: Fourteenth Air
Force, ORD 381 CTO, 169.
62 See Ch. IV, above.
63 Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, p. 739.
64 Msg, President to Stilwell for Chiang, 28 Jun 43, CM-OUT 11870.
65 (1) Quote is from msg, Marshall to Stilwell , 1
Jul 43, CM-OUT 298. (2) Msg No. 603, Stilwell to Marshall, 28 Jun 43, in
Stilwell Personal Radio File, Book 2, Item 615. (3) Ltr, Marshall to
Stilwell, 20 Jul 43, no sub, OPD 210.31 CTO, 56.
66 (1) Msg No. 3019, President to Generalissimo, 17 Jul 43, in Stilwell
Personal Radio File, Book 2, Item 671-A. (2) Msg, Marshall to Stilwell, 20
Jul 43, CM-OUT 7951. (3) Msg, Stilwell to Marshall, 22 Jul 43, CM-IN
16520.
67 (1) Msg, Stilwell to Marshall, 1 Aug 43, CM-IN 536. (2) Msg, Marshall to Stilwell, 3 Aug 43, CM, OUT 731.
68 Churchill, Hinge of Fate, pp. 801, 944-45.
69 (1) Msg No. 311, Churchill to Roosevelt, 13 Jun 43, Book 10, Exec 8.
(2) Msg No. 320, Churchill to Roosevelt, 19 Jun 48, OPD 384 CTO, 12.
70 Msg No. 293, Roosevelt to Churchill, 24 Jun 43, OPD 384 CTO, 12.
71 Msg No. 332, Churchill to Roosevelt, 28 Jun 43, OPD 384 CTO, 12.
72 It will be remembered that from early in the war CCS exercised direct
supervision over strategic and operational matters in the
European-Mediterranean area, while the JCS exercised jurisdiction over
operational strategy in the Pacific, including SWPA.
73 Memo, Marshall for JCS, 28 Jun 43, sub: Supreme Command, Asiatic
Theater, OPD 384 CTO, 12. Marshall's position was in contrast to his later
willingness to allow U.S. troops to serve under the more aggressive
Brigadier Wingate, the commander of the long-range penetration group, and
under Lt. Gen. William J. Slim, who became commander of the British
Fourteenth Army in Burma.
74 (1) Msg No. 298, Roosevelt to Churchill, 30 Jun 43, OPD 384 CTO, 12.
(2) Msg No. 342, Churchill to Roosevelt, 3 Jul 43, Item 25, Exec 10. (3)
Msg No. 345 Churchill to Roosevelt, 6 Jul 43, Item 63a, Exec 10.
75 Msg No. 311, Roosevelt to Churchill, 9 Jun 43, Item 25, Exec 10.
76 (1) Msg, Roosevelt to Churchill, 8 Jul 43, Item 63a, Exec 10. (2) Msg,
Br COS to Dill, 10 Jul 43, Item 66, Exec 10. (3) Notes for Conversation
With Sir John Dill, 12 Jul 43, Item 63a, Exec 10. (4) Romanus and
Sunderland, Stilwell's Mission to China, Ch. X.
77 Romanus and Sunderland, Stilwell's Mission to China, Ch. X.
78 Memo, F. D. R. for JCS, 5 Jun 43, no sub, with incls, OPD 381
Security,. 144.
79 (1) Msg, Stilwell to Marshall, 26 Jun 43, CM-IN 16837. (2) Msg, same to
same, 30 Jun 43, CM-IN 19124. (3) Msg, same to same, 13 Jul 43, CM-IN 9919. (4)
Stilwell Papers, pp. 209-12.
80 (1) Msg, Stilwell to Marshall, 28 Jun 43, CM-IN 17760. (2) Ltr, Wood to
Soong, 17 Jul 43, OPD 381 CTO, 165. (3) Ltr, Soong to Wood, 19 Jul 43, OPD
381 CTO, 165. (4) Msg, Stilwell to Timberman, 6 Aug 43, CM-IN 6115. (5)
Msg, Soong to Stilwell, 10 Aug 43, CM-OUT 3471.
81 Msg, Marshall to Stilwell, 23 Jul 43, CM-OUT 9497
82 Msg, Stilwell to McNarney, 6 Jun 43, CM-IN 3599 (2) Memo, Handy for
CofS, 11 Jun 43, sub: Summary of Operations, Chinese Theater, OPD 319.1
CTO, 79. (3) Ltr, Marshall to Dill, 19 Jun 43, Item 66, Exec 10. (4) Msg,
Stilwell to Marshall, 25 Jun 43, CM-IN 18596.
83 Msg, Stilwell to Marshall, 13 Jul 43, CM-IN 10042.
84 Msg, Marshall to Stilwell, 1 Jul 43, CM-OUT 308.
85 Memo, JWPC for JPS, 9 Aug 43, sub: Strategic Plan for the Defeat of
Japan, OPD 381 Security, 192. The memo was given to the President by Leahy
on 10 August 1943.
86 (1) Memo, JWPC for JPS, 9 Aug 43, sub: Strategic Plan for the Defeat
of Japan, OPD 381 Security, 192. (2) For the British view, see below, pp.
207ff, and also, John Ehrman, Grand Strategy, Vol. V, August
1943-September 1944 (London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1956), Ch.
III.
87 Memo, Hull for Handy, 17 Jul 43, no sub, with SS 111 in ABC 381 SS
Papers, Nos. 96-126/3 (7 Jan 43).
88 (1) CCS 269, 5 Jul 43, title: Appreciation and Plan for the War Against
Japan. (2) Min, 95th mtg JCS, 6 Jul 43. (3) Min, 96th mtg JCS, 13 Jul 43.
(4) Min, 85th mtg JPS, 14 Jul 43. (5) Min, 102d mtg CCS, 16 Jul 43.
89 JPS 67/6, 7 Jul 43, title: Preparation of Plans for the Defeat of Japan.
90 (1) OPD brief, title: Notes . . . 100th mtg JCS, 6 Aug 43, with JCS 440
in ABC 384 Pacific-Far East (26 Jul 43), 1-A. (2) JCS Memo for Info 88, 26
Jul 43, title: Estimate of Enemy Situation, 1943-44, Pacific Far East Area.
91 (1) JCS 440, 4 Aug 43, title: Estimate of the Enemy Situation,
1943-44, Pacific-Far East Area. (2) Min, tooth mtg JCS, 6 Aug 43. The JCS accepted
the estimate for presentation to the British. See CCS 301, 3 Aug 43,
title: Specific Operations in the Pacific and Far East, 1943-44.
92 The U.S. group was the Red Team of the JWPC-Capt. H. B. Slocum, USN,
Colonel McDaniel, and Col. Willard R. Wolfinbarger.
93 (1) CPS 83, 8 Aug 43, title: Appreciation and Plan for the Defeat of
Japan. CPS 83 corresponds closely to the joint time estimates cited above.
(2) CCS 269, 5 Jul 43, title: Appreciation and Plan for the Defeat of Japan.
(3) Min, 95th mtg JCS, 6 Jul 43. (4) Min, 101st mtg CCS, 9 Jul 43.
(5) Min, 94th mtg JPS, 12 Aug 43. (6) Min, 71st mtg CPS, 13 Aug 43. The
agreement of the British planners that CPS 83 be the first order of
business at QUADRANT contrasted with their earlier reluctance to consider
Pacific affairs at all during QUADRANT.
94 Min, 72d mtg CPS, 13 Aug 43.
95 STM-30. 1 Jan 48.
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