1. History, III, 266 (cf. Emerson, Works, IV, 20-22); II, 266.
2. Ibid., III, 265, 266.
3. Ibid., II, 266-69.
4. Ibid., III, 291, 300, 285-88, 294, 278, 154, 190-91.
5. "Progress of the Race," in Literary Miscellanies, p. 413. History, III, 302, 305-6.
6. Ibid., pp. 300, 304.
7. Ibid., IV, 340-41, 342, 355.
8. Ibid., p. 354. Cf. William Gilmore Simms, The Yemassee: a Romance of Carolina (New York: Lovell, Coryell and Co., n.d.), 1-20, 414-25.
9. History, II, 98; cf. Theodore Parker, "Prescott's Conquest of Mexico" (1849), in The American Scholar, p. 247: "The pilgrim and the puritan knew that the naked savages had no natural right adverse to the welfare of the human race"; but they also "knew," he said, that civilized men had to pay the full price. See Washington Irving, A History of New York . . . . by Diedrich Knickerbocker (London, 1820), pp. 68, 87.
10. History, V, 165. Parker, "Prescott's Mexico," in The American Scholar, pp. 246-47. See Julius W. Pratt, "John L. O'Sullivan and Manifest Destiny," New York History, XIV (July 1933), 214-34. Bancroft, History, IV, 425, 426.
11. Ibid., II, 101.
12. Ibid., VII, 398; VI, 505-6. For a discussion of the Indian in drama, see Albert Keiser, The Indian in American Literature (New York, 1933), pp. 65-101. This chapter was written before I had read Roy Harvey Pearce, The Savages of America: A Study of the Indian and the Idea of Civilization (Baltimore, 1953); his study is much more complex than Mr. Keiser's early work.
13. Otis Pease, for example, makes this error in Parkman's History: The Historian as Literary Artist (New Haven, 1953), p. 13; he says that Parkman, despite his prejudice, at least did better than previous writers by portraying the Indian as he really appeared to frontiersmen. But Prescott had criticized Charles Brockden Brown for excess in just this kind of portrayal, for emphasizing only "the rude and uncouth lineaments of the Indian character, its cunning, cruelty, and unmitigated ferocity, with no indications of a more generous nature." Preferring Cooper, Prescott admitted that Cooper's "portrait [was] not strictly that of the fierce son of the forest," but (like Cooper himself) he said that this portrait was "at least sufficiently true for poetical purposes." ("Brown," in Biographical Miscellanies, pp. 159-60.) Even in Cooper there are enough Indians with "uncouth lineaments" to justify his statement in the Preface (1850) to the Leatherstocking Tales that he was taking a "poetic" view of his Indian heroes. His Sioux Mahtoree is as cunning and vicious as any of Parkman's savages. Simms and Robert Montgomery Bird, of course, are even more obvious predecessors of Parkman. See the portrayal of Ishiagaska in Simms's The Yemassee, pp. 45, 351-52; see Robert Montgomery Bird, Nick of the Woods; or, the Jibbenainosay, 2d ed. (New York, 1853), pp. iv-vii. See Cooper, The Prairie, pp. 59-65, 334. See also Keiser, Indian in American Literature, chap. x: "Stark Realism on Kentucky's Dark Ground." (See ibid., pp. 142-43.)
14. History, VII, 118, 120.
15. Parkman to Bancroft, June 4 and July 30, 1882, Bancroft Papers, MHS.
16. Parkman, Jesuits, p. lxxxix; Bancroft, History, III, 305.
17. Conspiracy of Pontiac, I, 229, 237; Jesuits, p. 348. See Bird, Nick of the Woods, pp. iv-vii. Cf. Prescott, "Brown," in Biographical Miscellanies, p. 160.
18. Frontenac, pp. 402-3; cf. his use of an Indian's metaphor comparing the Iroquois to "wasps." Ibid., p. 156. See, for example, La Salle, pp. 192-93; Half-Century, I, 250, 254. Conspiracy of Pontiac, I, 157; Montcalm and Wolfe, I, 335-36. Cf. Jesuits, p. 206.
19. Prescott, "Brown," in Biographical Miscellanies, pp. 126, 153-58. Parkman, Half-Century, I, 32 (cf. Montcalm and Wolfe, I, 208-9), 33. See Melville's description of "the cunning curtain of purpleness" under which Nature conceals the terrors around "Enceladus." Pierre; or the Ambiguities (New York, 1852), pp. 381-83. Cf. Parkman, Jesuits, p. 206.
20. Parkman, Half-Century, I, 33-34, 35-36.
21. Jesuits, p. 434; Frontenac, p. 286; Jesuits, p. 360; La Salle, pp. 203, 206; Frontenac, pp. 167, 286-87.
22. La Salle, pp. 212, 205, 211-12.
23. Frontenac, pp. 150, 211. ("It was one of those days when the trees stand white as spectres in the sheltered hollows of the forest, and bare and gray on the wind-swept ridges." Ibid., p. 208.) Half-Century, I, 118; Montcalm and Wolfe, II, 281; Half- Century, I, 284-85, 276; Frontenac, p. 209; Conspiracy of Pontiac, I, 217. See Cotton Mather, "Decennium Luctuosum," in Narratives of the Indian Wars, ed. Charles H. Lincoln (New York, 1913), pp. 193, 201, 203 ("It is harder to Find than to Foil them"), 224, 238-39.
24. La Salle, pp. 201-25; Montcalm and Wolfe, I, 334-36, 506, 209.
25. Bancroft, History, III, 327; Parkman, Half-Century, I, 254; Conspiracy of Pontiac, I, 218.
26. Parkman, Jesuits, pp. xxxiv-xxxv, 112. Cf. William Byrd, Histories of the Dividing Line betwixt Virginia and North Carolina, ed. Wm. K. Boyd (Raleigh, 1929), p. 114. Cf. the descriptions of the same hags in Simms, The Yemassee, pp. 291-92, 296-300; and Cooper, The Prairie, p. 330: "withered crones."
27. Half-Century, I, 280. Conspiracy of Pontiac, I, 147. See Jesuits, p. 320, for Parkman's view of the inevitability of the Indian's decline.
28. Jesuits, pp. liii-lxvii. Frontenac, pp. 80, 107-10.
29. Jesuits, p. lx; Montcalm and Wolfe, I, 174, 175.
30. Jesuits, pp. 447, 448. Conspiracy of Pontiac, I, 146; cf. Jesuits, p. 434. Parkman made the same point in similar language in Montcalm and Wolfe, II, 146.
31. Montcalm and Wolfe, I, 172 (cf. Conspiracy of Pontiac, I, 186), 174.
32. Jesuits, pp. 336, 393, 398, 400-401, 423, 424, 432-33.
33. Montcalm and Wolfe, I, 258 (cf. Half-Century, II, 190-91, 196), 245, 265, 272-73, 277-79, 275, 283.
34. "Irving's Granada," in Biographical Miscellanies, p. 103. Letter to Obadiah Rich, Nov. 12, 1828, Prescott Papers, MHS. Ferdinand and Isabella, I, 236, 296, 306; II, 102-5; I, 313-15.
35. Ibid., Il, 105.
36. Ibid., I, 346, 363, 365, 366, 367.
37. Ibid., pp. 388, 400. The same imagery and the same traits prevail in the account of Ximenes' crusade against African Moslems. Ibid., II, 305-6.
38. Ibid., pp. 88, 31, 99.
39. Ibid., pp. 99, 73, 99, 100.
40. Philip II, III, 293, 39, 49-50 (cf. Conspiracy of Pontiac, I, 202), 51, 76, 69, 71, 73, 77, 51-55, 53.
41. Ibid., 164-65, 166, 168.
42. Conspiracy of Pontiac, I, 217, 229; Philip II, III, 285-88; cf. III, 103.
43. Ferdinand and Isabella, II, 41-42, 103-4; Phillip II, III, 293, 295.
44. Motley, Morton's Hope, I, 198 (cf. I, 200).
45. Phillip II, I, 181-82. Morton's Hope, I, 197; United Netherlands, III, 296. As support for this statement, Motley, who has conventionally referred to Dr. Lopez as "the Jew," quotes the following sentence from the sixteenth-century English account of Lopez' treason: "And further to set him on, he has to be put in mind that he had daughters to marry, for whom the king would provide, and what great honors and rewards he should have." Notice that in his text Motley has made Lopez the initiator of this part of the bargain.
46. Ferdinand and Isabella, I, 236; Phillip II, I, 73; Ferdinand and Isabella, I, 235, 236, 237, 237 n. 8, 238, 237, 239 n. 13.
47. Ibid., II, 137; I, 235, 251-52.
48. Ibid., p. 253; II, 140, 142.
49. Ibid., pp. 141, 143; III, 313; II, 146, 146-47.
50. It was published "while the Spanish sovereigns were still detained before Granada." Ibid., II, 135.
51. Ibid., pp. 135, 151-54, 152.
52. Mexico, I, 353. See, for example, Peru, II, 197-99.
53. Letter to Bancroft, October 27, 1839, Bancroft Papers, MHS.
54. Mexico, I, 13-14 (cf. I, 50), 125-31; II, 9-10, 51, 8; I, 73, 25. Peru, I, 410. (When he is first introduced, Atahuallpa is "seated on a low cushion, somewhat after the Morisco or Turkish fashion." (Ibid., I, 396.) Mexico, I, 85.
55. Peru, I, 116-17, 171-72, 71 (cf. Mexico, I, 43), 143-44, 174, 173.
56. See, for example, Mexico, I, 28-33, 36, 48-49; Peru, I, 18, 46-47, 62-70. Mexico, II, 32-33, 33 n. 11, 177; Peru, I, 85.
57. Mexico, II, 34-35, 30-31, 35-36.
58. Ibid., pp. 36, 33. See, for example, Peru, II, 196; Philip II, III, 293. Mexico, II, 36-37.
59. Ibid., p.38.
60. Ibid., pp. 39, 350, 55. His picture of the two leaders is enlarged on pp. 57-58.
61. Peru, I, 462, 484, 439.
62. Mexico, I, 85-86; Peru, I, 40; Mexico, I, 107.
63. Peru, II, 198-99,467-69, 469-70.
64. Mexico, II, 57-58; III, 18; I, 454. Peru, II, 273; cf. II, 41.
65. Mexico, II, 173, 173-74, 343-44. Peru, I, 485; II, 147-48.
66. Mexico, I, 421; Il, 16-17. Ibid., I, 461; II, 339; III, 35. Peru, II, 44, 44-45, 53, 238.
67. Peru, II, 66; 1, 506, 504; II, 48, 50, 51, 238. Mexico, II, 339; 111, 37. Peru, I, 254, 408, 419, 450. Mexico, I, 443, 450-51. Peru, I, 453.
68. Mexico, II, 149-50; I, 443; II, 325, 327, 328.
69. Ibid., p. 319; Peru, I, 18, 77-80, 417.
70. Mexico, II, 24; cf. Peru, I, 420-21. Mexico, II, 66; Peru, II, 197-98. Mexico, II, 320, 343-44, 350-51. Peru, I, 485, 488.
71. Mexico, II, 349.
72. Ibid., I, 291-92; cf. Ibid., p. 361. Parkman, Jesuits, pp. 73, 90, 118, 320, 35.
73. A major reason for the Huron's inability to understand Christianity was "the inert mass of pride, sensuality, and superstition." Jesuits, p. 135.
74. Pioneers, p. xii (italics mine); Montcalm and Wolfe, I, 47. Cf. ibid., p. 491.