Endnotes for Chapter X
1 Memo, G. C. M. for Handy, 9 Aug 43, no sub, WDCSA 381 Super Secret, I.
2 (1) Ibid. (2) Memo, Handy for CofS, 9 Aug 43, sub: Movement of
Additional Divs to the Mediterranean, Item 51, Exec 10.
3 The Army planners' report was based on shipping estimates furnished by
the Planning Division of the Transportation Corps, ASF. See memo, Col
Marcus B. Stokes, Jr., Chief Planning Div Transportation Corps, for Gen
Handy (Attn: Col G. A. Lincoln), 9 Aug 43, sub: Reinforcement of
PRICELESS, incl to memo, Handy for CofS, 9 Aug 43, sub: Movement of
Additional Divs to the Mediterranean, Item 51, Exec 10.
4 Memo, Handy, ACofS OPD, for CofS, 9 Aug 43, sub: Movement of Additional
Divs to the Mediterranean, Item 51, Exec 10.
5 Min, 103d mtg JCS, 10 Aug 43.
6 The entries of 10 August 1943 in Stimson's Diary referred to above and
his memo of 10 August, on which this discussion is based, are quoted in
detail in Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, pp. 43538. A copy of ltr,
Stimson to President, 10 Aug 43, is also contained in SW files, White House,
38.
7 The President had invited Stimson to stay on for the conference
with the JCS. Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, p. 438.
8 Min, mtg held at the White House at 1415 between the President and the
JCS, 10 Aug 43, with JCS Memo 97 in ABC 337 (25 May 43).
9 Ibid.
10 The next day the Chief of Staff forwarded to the President cogent
reasons for .justifying an American commander for OVERLORD on the basis of the comparative strength of
the forces involved rather than on the number of divisions alone. Marshall
assured the-President that the United States would have 3,200 more combat
planes, from one to four more combat divisions, and an appreciably greater
number of corps and Army supporting troops than the British. At TRIDENT
the United States and the United Kingdom had agreed that on the target
date the British would provide a minimum of fourteen divisions with a
possible increase to eighteen and the United States would provide a total
of eighteen and a half divisions. General Marshall told the President
that he would see to it that the eighteen and a half divisions were
increased to nineteen without further discussion. See memo, CofS for
President, 11 Aug 43, sub: Divs for OVERLORD On May 1, 1944, Item 51, Exec
10. This memo, evidently prepared by OPD, is preceded by a notation on OPD
stationery, dated 16 August 1943, which states that the memo was
dispatched to the President and received by him on 11 August 1943.
11 (1) Min, mtg held at White House at 1415 between President and JCS,
10
Aug 43, with JCS Memo 97 in ABC 337 (25 May 43). (2) See also min, sp JCS mtg,
26 Jul 43.
12 Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, pp. 43839.
13 See especially: (1) memo, Wedemeyer for Marshall, 8 Jun 43, no sub,
Paper 68, Book 10, Exec 8; (2) memo, Lt Col L. J. Lincoln, Actg Chief
Combined Subjects Sec OPD, for Col Roberts, OPD, 15 Jun 43, sub: Working
Staff To Accompany Planners to the Next Combined Conf, Tab 2 with JPS 189
in ABC 337 (25 May 43): (3) memo, Col Roberts for Rear Adm Bernhard H. Bieri, 26 Jun 43, sub: Proposed Working Staff To Accompany Planners to
Next Combined Conf, with JPS 189, "A," in ABC 337 (25 May 43); (4) OPD
brief, title: Notes . . . 96th mtg JCS, 27 Jul 43, QUADRANT, memo by JSSC
(JCS 422, JCS 422/1, CCS 288), with CCS 288 in ABC 337 (25 May 43) (OPD
action officer was GAL (Col G. A. Lincoln)); (5) min, 102d mtg JCS, 9 Aug
43; and (6) min, 103d mtg JCS, 10 Aug 43.
14 CCS 300/1, 7 Aug 43, title: Estimate of the Enemy Situation, 1943-44,
European-Mediterranean Area,
15 CCS 300, 6 Aug 43, title: Estimate of the Enemy Situation 1943-44,
Pacific-Far East.
16 (1) Min, 93d mtg JPS, 11 Aug 43. (2) The U.S. planners had come to
the conference in advance at the request of the British, but meetings
between the two groups of planners did not begin until 13 August. See min, 71st mtg CPS, 13 Aug 43. (3) Min, 94th mtg JPS, 12 Aug
43.
17 Among the Washington Army planners attending the QUADRANT Conference
were: OPD members Colonels Roberts and Todd, deputies to Gen. Wedemeyer;
Lt. Col. L. J. Lincoln to represent the U.S. Army for implementation;
Colonel Starbird to appear for the U.S. Army on European Theater of
Operations; Colonel Connor to represent the U.S. Army on North African
Theater of Operations; and Col. Vincent J. Esposito to handle
logistical matters for the Army relating to troops. Included with those
detailed to attend as members of the JWPC teams were: Colonel Bessell of the Senior Team; Colonel McDaniel
of the Red. Team; Lt. Col. Harvey H. Fischer of the Rainbow Team; and
Colonel Armstrong of the Blue Team. See JCS Memo for Info 91, 4 Aug 43,
Paper 7, Item 11, Exec 5. For a list of British and U.S. officers in
attendance, see Telephone Directory filed in Annex to ABC 337 (25 May 43).
18 For a discussion of British preparations for the conference during
the voyage to the United States, see Churchill, Closing the Ring, Ch. 4.
19 CCS 303/1, 16 Aug 43, title: Strategic Concept for the Defeat of the
Axis in Europe. CCS 303/1 contains the JCS statement of views.
20 Min, 104th mtg JCS, 15 Aug 43.
21 Min, 108th mtg CCS, 15 Aug 43.
22 (1) Ibid. (2) Min, 106th mtg CCS, 14 Aug 43.
23 Min, 108th mtg CCS, 15 Aug 43.
24 Ibid.
25 Min, 105th mtg JCS, 16 Aug 43.
26 (1) For the discussion and acceptance by the JCS of Gen Handy's
proposals, see min, 105th mtg JCS, 16 Aug 43. (2) For a copy of the complete
paper presented by Gen Handy to JCS, see two-page memo (16 Aug 43), no sub,
Item 51, Exec 10. The memo begins: "The discussion in the Combined Chiefs of
Staff meeting yesterday . . . " (3) For the incorporation of the first
portion of Gen Handy's proposals by the JCS in a memo for submission to the
CCS, see CCS 303/1, 16 Aug 43, title: Strategic Concept for the Defeat of
the Axis in Europe, and min,109th mtg CCS, 16 Aug 43.
27 (1) Memo, JSSC and JPS for JCS [16 Aug 431, no sub, Item 51, Exec 10.
(2) Min, 105th mtg JCS, 16 Aug 43. (3) Informal memo, G. O. Jr [Col Godwin
Ordway, Jr.] for Gen Hull, 16 Aug 43, no sub, Paper 27, Item 11, Exec 5.
Arriving in the capital on 16 August, General Handy saw Harry Hopkins that
evening and discussed the matter with him. The President's train departed
Washington that night for the conference, and General Handy's principal
discussion with the President took place on the train the following day.
Comments of General Handy written on Draft Manuscript, Strategic Planning
for Coalition Warfare, 1943-1944, with covering ltr, 28 Sept 56, OCMH files.
28 (1) CCS 303/3, 17 Aug 43, title: Strategic Concept for the Defeat of
the Axis in Europe. (2) Min, 110th mtg CCS, 17 Aug 43.
29 Min, 1st mtg CCS, President, and Prime Minister, QUADRANT, 19 Aug 43,
Official QUADRANT Conf Book.
30 Min, 2d mtg CCS, President, and Prime Minister, QUADRANT, 23 Aug 43,
Official QUADRANT Conf Book.
31 (1) Min, 1st mtg CCS, President, and Prime Minister, QUADRANT, 19 Aug
43. (2) Min, 2d mtg CCS, President, and Prime Minister, QUADRANT, 23 Aug
43. Both in Official QUADRANT Conf Book.
32 (1) Min, 116th mtg CCS, 24 Aug 43. (2) Min, 110th mtg CCS, 17 Aug 43.
(3) Min, 108th mtg CCS, 15 Aug 43.
33 (1) Min, 1st mtg CCS, President, and Prime Minister, QUADRANT, 19 Aug 43. (2) Min, 2d mtg CCS, President, and Prime
Minister, QUADRANT, 23 Aug 43. Both in Official QUADRANT Conf Book.
34 Min, 1st mtg CCS, President, and Prime Minister, QUADRANT, 19 Aug 43,
Official QUADRANT Conf
Book.
35 (1) Ibid. (2) Min, 2d mtg CCS, President, and Prime Minister,
QUADRANT, 23 Aug 43, Official QUADRANT Conf Book.
36 Min, 1st mtg CCS, President, and Prime Minister, QUADRANT, 19 Aug 43,
Official QUADRANT Conf Book.
37 For the outline of Plan RANKIN, see CCS 320, 20 Aug 43, title:
"RANKIN." According to General Wedemeyer, General Barker, the senior member
of the COSSAC staff, wrote the outline for RANKIN before he left London for
consultation with the U.S. War Department and for the conference at Quebec.
See memo, A. C. W. for Marshall, no sub, 16 Aug 43, with CCS 320 in ABC 384
NW Europe (20 Aug 43), 1-A.
38 Min, 2d mtg CCS, President, and Prime Minister, QUADRANT, 25 Aug 43,
Official QUADRANT Conf
Book.
39 (1) CCS 320, 20 Aug 48, title: "RANKIN." (2) Min, 115th mtg
CCS, 23 Aug 43.
40 CCS 320, 20 Aug 43, title: "RANKIN."
41 Min, 115th mtg CCs, 23 Aug 43. It is interesting to note that in
commenting favorably on RANKIN to General Wedemeyer at Quebec, Colonel
Starbird of OPD had taken the position that, as a result of public opinion,
a more complete occupation of Germany than that envisaged under RANKIN might
be necessary. See memo, Starbird for Wedemeyer, 21 Aug 43, sub: Comments on
RANKIN, with CCS 320 in ABC 384 NW Europe (20 Aug 43), 1-A.
42 For a discussion of Plan RANKIN, see Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack,
pp. 79-82, and Pogue, Supreme Command, pp. 104-06.
43 CCS 319/5, 24 Aug 43, title: Final Rpt to the President and Prime
Minister.
44 Ibid.
45 The JCS had recommended in their proposals to the CCS the
establishment of air bases "as far north as the Rome area, and if feasible,
to include the Ancona area." See CCS 303, 9 Aug 43, title: Strategic Concept
for the Defeat of the Axis in Europe.
46 (1) Min, 108th mtg JCS, 19 Aug 48. General Marshall directed that
General Handy, ACofS OPD, prepare a proposal for submission to the CCS.
(2) The original version of the proposed message submitted by General
Handy is evidently contained in "Proposed Message from the Combined Chiefs
of Staff to General Eisenhower" [19 Aug 43], Item 51, Exec 10. A pencilled
notation on this proposed message indicates that this draft message was
"dictated by General Wedemeyer." (3) For the slightly revised version of
the proposed message submitted by the JCS to the CCS, see CCS 318/1, 20
Aug 43, title: Sardinia, Fifth Column Activities. (4) For the amendment
adding Corsica, suggested by Sir Alan Brooke and included by the CCS in
the message sent to General Eisenhower (as FAN 198), see min, 113th mtg
CCS, 20 Aug 43.
47 For the suggested qualifying phrase by the JCS, see CCS 303, 9 Aug
43, title: Strategic Concept for the Defeat of the Axis in Europe.
48 CCS 319/5, 24 Aug 43, title: Final Rpt to the President and Prime
Minister.
49 (1) Min, 116th mtg CCS, 24 Aug 43. (2) CCS 328/1, 27 Aug 43, title: Dir
to General Eisenhower.
In a message sent to General Marshall at the beginning of the QUADRANT
Conference, General Eisenhower had indicated that up to that point his
planning staff, because of other demands upon it, had only sketchily
outlined plans for offensive operations against southern France. See msg,
Eisenhower to Marshall (action copy OPD), 13 Aug 43, CM-IN 9451.
50 See CCS 319/5, 24 Aug 43, title: Final Rpt to the President and Prime
Minister.
51 Min, 111th mtg CCS, 18 Aug 43.
52 CCS 319/5, 24 Aug 43, title: Final Rpt to the President and Prime
Minister.
53 Churchill, Closing the Ring, p. 85.
54 CPS 83, 8 Aug 43, title: Appreciation and Plan for the Defeat of
Japan. See also Ch. IX, above. .
55 Min, 102d mtg JCS, 9 Aug 43.
56 Min, 107th mtg CCS, 14 Aug 43.
57 (1) Ibid. (2) Min, 110th mug CCS, 17 Aug 43. (3) Min, 1st mug CCS,
President, and Prime Minister, 19 Aug 43, Official QUADRANT Conf Book.
58 (1) Memo, JPS for JCS, 17 Aug 43, sub: Appreciation and Plan for the
Defeat of Japan (CPS 83), ABC 381 Japan (27 Aug 42), 3. (2) CCS 313, 18 Aug
43, title: Appreciation and Plan for the Defeat of Japan.
59 CCS 313, 18 .Aug 43, title: Appreciation and Plan for the Defeat of
Japan.
60 Annex to min. 107th mtg JCS, 18 Aug 43.
61 Min, 1st mtg CCS, President, and Prime Minister, 19 Aug 43, Official
QUADRANT Conf Book. See also min, 107th mtg JCS, 18 Aug 43.
62 (1) CCS 313/1, 20 Aug 43, title: Appreciation and Plan for the Defeat
of Japan. (2) CCS 323, 20 Aug 43, title: Air Plan for the Defeat of Japan.
(3) Min, 109th mtg JCS, 20 Aug 43. (4) Min, 114th mtg CCS, 21 Aug 43.
Arnold presented the Air plan to the JCS on 20 August.
63 HABAKKUKS referred to the project, in which Churchill was especially
interested, for making an artificial landing field out of reinforced ice.
Conceived by a British inventor on Mountbatten's staff, it was designed
to be used in the ocean or in the English Channel. Various participants in
the Quebec conference have in their memoirs described, in slightly
differing versions, an amusing incident that occurred during the
discussion of the proposal. As an experiment, a small model was brought
into a CCS meeting during the conference and Lord Mountbatten fired at it
with a pistol. Hearing the shots, one of the planners sitting outside the
conference room is reported to have exclaimed, "My God! They're shooting
one another! I wonder whom they've shot!" (1) Arnold, Global
Mission, P-
444; (2) Churchill, Closing the Ring, pp. 90-91; (3) Leahy, I Was There,
pp. 178-79; and (4) King and Whitehill, Fleet Admiral King, pp. 486-87.
64 CCS 319/2 (rev), 27 Aug 43, title: Progress Rpt to the President and
Prime Minister.
65 Churchill, Closing the Ring, pp. 90-91.
66 (1) Min, 109th mtg JCS, 20 Aug 43. (2) See also, min, sp mtg JCS, 9
Sep 43.
67 (1) CCS 301, 9 Aug 43, title: Specific Operations in the Pacific and
Far East, 1943-44. (2) Min, 110th mtg CCS, 17 Aug 43. (3) Churchill,
Closing the Ring, pp. 86-87.
68 (1) Min, 110th mtg CCS, 17 Aug 43. (2) Min, 107th mtg JCS, 18 Aug 43.
69 See Ch. IX, above.
70 CCS 319/5, 24 Aug 43, title: Final Rpt to the President and Prime
Minister.
71 (1) Min, 1st mtg CCS, President, and Prime Minister, 19 Aug 43,
Official QUADRANT Conf Book. (2) Churchill, Closing the Ring, pp. 88, 656,
657.
72 (1) Min, SP mtg JCS, 26 Jul 43. (2) Min, mtg JCS with President at White
House, 10 Aug 43,
ABC 337 (25 May- 43).
73 (1) Min, 107th mtg CCS, 14 Aug 43. (2) CCS 313/1, 20 Aug 43, title:
Appreciation and Plan for the Defeat of Japan. (3) Min, 109th mtg JCS, 20
Aug 43. (4) Min, 113th mtg CCS, 20 Aug 43.
74 Min, 113th mtg CCS, 20 Aug 43.
75 Min, 110th mtg JCS, 21 Aug 43.
76 Romanus and Sunderland, Stilwell's Mission to China, PP- 360-63.
77 (1) CCS 327, 23 Aug 43, title: Operations From India. (2) Min, 2d mtg
CCS, President, and Prime Minister, 23 Aug 43, Official QUADRANT Conf Book.
(S) CCS 319/5, 24 Aug 43, title: Final Rpt to the President and Prime
Minister.
78 See Ch. IX, above.
79 Min, 98th mtg JCS, 27 Jul 43.
80 (1) Min, 105th mtg JCS, 16 Aug 43. (2) Min,106th mtg JCS, 17 Aug 43.
(3) Min, 107th mtg JCS, 18 Aug 43.
81 (1) Min, 105th mtg JCS, 16 Aug 43. (2) Min, 116th mtg CCS, 24 Aug 43.
(3) Leahy, I Was There, PP- 176-77. (4) Msg. Prime Minister (Quebec) to
Deputy Prime Minister, 22 Aug 43, quoted in Churchill, Closing the Ring,
pp. 89-90. See also msg, Prime Minister to Gen Sir Hastings L. Ismay for
COS Committee, 24 Jul 43, quoted in Closing the Ring, p. 666.
82 Romanus and Sunderland, Stilwell's Mission to China, Ch. X.
83 Stilwell Papers, pp. 218-19.
84 Min, 111th mtg CCS, 18 Aug 43.
85 CCS 308/3, 21 Aug 43, title: SEAC.
86 (1) Min, 111th mtg JCS, 23 Aug 43. (2) Min, 2d mtg CCS, President, and
Prime Minister, 23 Aug 43, Official QUADRANT Conf Book. (3) Min, 116th mtg
CCS, 24 Aug 43.
87 (1) Min, 107th mtg JCS, 18 Aug 43. (2) Churchill, Closing the Ring, pp.
67-68, 656. Churchill had suggested Wingate to the British Chiefs as
commander of all land forces in SEAC. (3) Arnold, Global Mission, p. 442.
88 (1) Min, 107th mtg CCS, 14 Aug 43. (2) Min, 110th mtg CCS, 17 Aug 43.
89 Min, 107th mtg JCS, 18 Aug 43.
90 Churchill, Closing the Ring, p. 91.
91 During the QUADRANT Conference the "standfast" order was revoked and
the CCS ordered the Middle East Command to dispatch some landing craft and
cargo shipping for Burma operations. Additional releases of Mediterranean
shipping followed. See: (1) Churchill, Closing the Ring, pp. 204-05; and
(2) Ehrman, Grand Strategy, V, 91-92.
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