Endnotes for Chapter
VI
1 For a description by Churchill of British preparations for the
conference, see Churchill, Hinge of Fate, pp. 782-89
2 Min, 1st mtg CCS at White House, TRIDENT, 12 May 43, Official TRIDENT
Conf Book.
3 Ibid.
4 Br COS paper, 12 May 43, title: Conduct of the War in 1943/44, Annex B
to min, 83d mtg CCS, 13 May 43, Official-TRIDENT Conf Book.
5 (1) Min, 84th mtg CCS, 14 May 43. (2) CCS 224, 14 May 43, title: Operations
in the European Theater Between "HUSKY" and "ROUNDUP." CCS 224 was a
memorandum submitted by the British Chief of Staff.(3) Min, 85th mtg
CCS, 15 May 43.
6 (1) JCS paper, n.d., title: Global Strategy of the War, Annex A to min,
83d mtg CCS, 13 May 43, Official TRIDENT Conf Book. (2) CCS 219, 14 May
43, title: Conduct of the War in 1943-1944. (8) CCS 215, 13 May 43, title:
Invasion of the European Continent From the U.K. in 1943-1944.
7 To advise the. Chief of Staff, the War Department planners prepared
during TRIDENT a running commentary on British proposals, suggesting
counterproposals and tactics to strengthen the U.S. presentation. See
especially: (1) memo, Wedemeyer, Chief S&P OPD, for Marshall [about 13 May
43], no sub, with Paper 72, Book 9, Exec 8; (2) OPD brief, title: Notes .
. . 86th mtg CCS, 17 May 43, with Tab 1, Folder 1, Item 10, Exec 5; (3)
memo, OPD for Marshall, 13 May 43, sub: Comments on "Conduct of the War in
1943-1944," a memo by Br COS, ABC 381 SS Papers, Nos. 2-95 (7 Jan 43); (4)
OPD brief, title: Notes . . . meetings CCS, 19 May 1943, Tab 2, Folder I,
Item to, Exec 5; and (5) OPD brief, title: Notes . . . 83d mtg JCS, 17 May
43, with Tab 1, Folder 1, Item 10, Exec 5.
8 Min, 83d mtg CCS, 13 May 43.
9 Min, 82d mtg JCS, 15 May 43.
10 Min, 88th mtg CCS, 19 May 43.
11 Min, 8lst mtg JCS, 14 May 43.
12 Min 83d mtg JCS, 17 May 43. In a meeting of the JCS, Admiral King also stressed the need for such an
intermediate operation, suggesting it be called ROUNDHAMMER. See min,
85th mtg JCS, 19 May 43.
13 Min, 5th mtg CCS at White House, TRIDENT, 24 May 43, Official TRIDENT
Conf Book.
14 Min, 85th mtg JCS, 19 May 43.
15 Min, 74th mtg JPS, 18 May 43.
16 For the planners' studies and estimates, see especially: (1) CCS 234,
17 May 43, title: Defeat of the Axis Powers in Europe; (2) CCS 235, 18 May
43, title: Defeat of Axis Powers in Europe; (3) CPS 71, 20 May 43, title:
Rpt by Sub-Committee on Availability of Landing Craft for ROUNDHAMMER;
and (4) CCS 244/1, 25 May 43, title: Implementation of Assumed Basic
Undertakings and Specific Operations for the Conduct of the War 1943-44.
For a full discussion of the landing craft issue in connection with
projected cross-Channel operations at TRIDENT, see Harrison,
Cross-Channel Attack, pp. 60-68.
17 For a discussion of the Combined Bomber Offensive plan and the
debates over it at TRIDENT, see Craven and Cate, AAF 11, 370-76.
18 CCS 242/6, 25 May 43, title: Final Rpt to the President and Prime
Minister. CCS 242/6, containing a summary of the TRIDENT decisions, was
approved by the President and Prime Minister on 25 May 1943. Unless
otherwise indicated, the rest of this section is based on CCS 242/6.
19 The
CCS agreed to adopt the code name ROUNDHAMMER to designate a cross-Channel
operation intermediate in size between the old SLEDGEHAMMER and ROUNDUP. See
min, 92d mtg CCS, 21 May 43.
20 The Army staff was especially interested in securing equal privileges
in bases on these islands for postwar aviation use. Fearing British
influence might predominate on the islands after the war, General Hull went
so far as to suggest that consideration be given to including a small U.S.
force in any assault against the islands launched by the British. Memo [Col
Samuel E. Anderson] for Gen Wedemeyer, 22 May 43, sub: CPS 72, Paper 86,
Book 9, Exec 8.
21 Upon its establishment in late April 1943 the JWPC inherited the
incomplete studies of the joint U.S. Strategic Committee, which had been
intermittently studying the question since August 1942. Largely on the
basis of these revised studies, the JCS presented at TRIDENT their
strategic concept for the defeat of Japan. See: (1) min, 61st mtg JPS, 24
Feb 43; (2) JUSSC 40/2, 3 Apr 43, title: Strategic Plan for the Defeat of
Japan; (3) memo, Capt Charles J. Moore, USN, for JPS, 27 Apr 43, sub:
Strategic Plan for the Defeat of Japan (JPS 67/4), with JPS 67/4 in ABC 381
Japan (8-7-42), 1; (4) JPS 67/4 28 Apr 43 title: Strategic Plan for the
Defeat of Japan; (5) JCS 287 and JCS 287/1, 7 and 8 May 43, title:
Strategic Plan for the Defeat of Japan; (6) min, 80th mtg JCS, 12 May 43;
and (7) CCS 220, 14 May 43 title: Strategic' Plan for the Defeat of Japan.
CCS 220 contained the JCS proposals presented to the CCS at TRIDENT and
was circulated to the CCS on 19 May 43
22 (1) Min, 1st mtg CCS at the White House, TRIDENT, 12 May 43, Official
TRIDENT Conf Book. (2) In Hinge of Fate, page 788, Churchill has
since written that during the voyage to the Washington conference he had
concluded that the time was ripe to formulate a long-term plan against
Japan.
23 Min, 83d mtg CCS, 13 May 43.
24 JCS paper, n.d., title: Global Strategy of the War, Annex A to min, 83d
mtg CCS, 13 May 43, Official TRIDENT Conf Book.
25 Min, 84th mtg CCS, 14 May 43.
26 Min, 82d mtg JCS, 15 May 43.
27 CCS 220, 14 May 43, title: Strategic Plan for the Defeat of Japan.
28 (1) CCS 220, 14 May 43, title: Strategic Plan for the Defeat of
Japan. (2) OPD brief, title: Notes . . . 56th mtg CPS, 16 May 43, Folder 1, item
10, Exec 5. The British planners made a very interesting prognostication
of future events at this time. They conjectured that the USSR would
declare war on Japan after Germany was defeated; that China would never be
capable of offensive warfare against the Japanese; and that direct
invasion of the Japanese homeland would not be necessary.
29 Min, 90th mtg CCS, 20 May 43.
30 Min, 92d mtg CCS, 21 May 43.
31 See Ch. IV, above.
32 CCS 239/1, 23 May 43, title: Operations in the Pacific and Far East
in 1943-44.
33 CCS 242/6, 25 May 43, title: Final Rpt to the President and Prime
Minister (TRIDENT).
34 Min, 89th mtg CCS, 19 May 43.
35 Min, 95th mtg CCS, 24 May 43.
36 For the opinions of various British and U.S. leaders on these two
questions, see: (1) Churchill, Hinge of Fate, pp. 785-95; (2) Stilwell
Papers, pp. 203-05; (3) Chennault, Way of a Fighter, pp. 220-27; (4) Leahy,
I
Was There, pp. 158-62; (5) Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, pp. 730-31; and
(6) Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, pp. 532-34.
37 Memo, Russell for Chief S&P Gp OPD, 8 May 43, sub: ANAKIM, ABC 384
Burma (8-25-42), II.
38 (1) Memo, Wedemeyer for CofS [about 10 May 43], sub: Notes on a Shift
From ANAKIM to the Southwest Pacific, ABC 384 Burma (8-25-42), II. (2)
Memo, OPD for Marshall, 13 May 43, sub: Comments on "Conduct of the War
in 1943-44," filed with SS 87 in ABC 381 SS Papers, Nos. 2-95 (7 Jan 43).
39 (1) Min, 1st mtg CCS at White House, TRIDENT, 12 May 43. (2) Min, 2d mtg CCS at White House TRIDENT, 14 May 43. Both in Official TRIDENT Conf
Book.
40
Min, 1st mtg CCS at the White House, TRIDENT, 12 May 43, Official TRIDENT
Conf Book.
41 (1) Ibid. (2) Memo, Stilwell for Marshall, 13 May 43, no sub,
OPD 381 Security, 131.
42 Min, 2d mtg CCS at White House, TRIDENT, 14 May 43, Official TRIDENT
Conf Book.
43 Ibid.
44 (1) Min, 82d mtg JCS, 15 May 43. (2) Min, 86th mtg CCS, 17 May 43. (3)
Leahy, I Was There, p. 160.
45 (1) Min, 2d mtg CCS at White House, TRIDENT, 14 May 43, Official
TRIDENT Conf Book. (2) Memo, Stilwell for CofS, 17 May 43, no sub,
Stilwell Personal File, Book 3, Item 221. (3) Min, 90th mtg CCS, 20 May
43- (4) Stilwell Papers, p. 204. (5) Romanus and Sunderland, Stilwell's
Mission to China, Ch. IX.
46 (1) Ltr, Soong to Hopkins, 18 May 43, OPD 381 Security, 124. (2) Memo,
Marshall for Hopkins, 19 May 43, no sub, OPD 381 Security, 124. (3) Msg,
Marshall to Wheeler, 21 May 48, CM-OUT 9266.
47 Min, 90th mtg CCS, 20 May 43.
48 Min, 91st mtg CCS, 20 May 43.
49 Min, 4th mtg CCS at White House, TRIDENT, 21 May 43, Official TRIDENT
Conf Book.
50 Min, 6th mtg CCS at White House, TRIDENT, 25 May 43, Official TRIDENT
Conf Book.
51 (1) Memo, Stilwell for SW, 23 May 43, no sub, Stilwell Personal File,
Book 3, Item 224. (2) Stilwell Papers, pp. 204-05. (3) Churchill,
Hinge
of Fate, p. 801.
52 OPD paper, n.d., title: Analysis of the TRIDENT and Anfa Confs, Folder
1, Item 10, Exec 5.
53 Memo for rcd, 3 Mar 43, sub: Verbal Msg From Gen Marshall Through Col
[Walter] Krueger, Book 7, Exec 8.
54 Memo, Somervell for Handy, n.d., sub: Scheme of Deployment for the U.S.
Army Forces in 1943, Item 16, Exec 1.
55 Memo, Russell for Chief S&P Gp OPD, 8 May 43, sub: ANAKIM, ABC 384
Burma (8-25-42), II.
56. (1) Min, 86th mtg JCS, 20 May 43. (2) OPD brief, title: Notes . . .
JCS 86th mtg, 20 May 43, Folder 1, Item 10, Exec 5.
57 (1) Min, 86th mtg JCS, 20 May 43. (2) OPD brief, title: Notes . . .
JCS 86th mtg, 20 May 43, Folder 1, Item 10, Exec 5.
58 (1) Memo, Wedemeyer for Hull, 25 May 43, no sub, OPD 381 Security, 144.
(2) Memo, Somervell for CofS, 25 May 43, no sub, CG ASF, Chief of Staff,
1942-43 (7). Somervell submitted an ASF study on the shipping cost for
effecting the transfer of a corps of 100,000 men (three divisions) from
the North African theater and/or from SWPA to the CBI. The cost to BOLERO
would have been shipping for five divisions if the troops were taken
entirely from North Africa; five and a half divisions if from North
Africa and SWPA; and six divisions if the diversion were completely from SWPA.
59 SS 106 [25 May 43], title: Analysis of the TRIDENT and Anfa
Conferences, Tab SS 106, ABC 381 SS Papers, Nos. 96-126/3 (7 Jan 43). SS
106, including Appendix A, was prepared by OPD's Strategy Section.
60 SS 106 [25 May 43], title: Analysis of the TRIDENT and Anfa Confs, ABC
381 SS Papers, Nos. 96-
126/3 (7 Jan 43).
61 SS 106 [25 May 43], title: Analysis of the TRIDENT and Anfa Confs, ABC
381 SS Papers, Nos. 96- 126/3 (7 Jan 43).
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