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Foreign Relations,
1964-1968, Volume XXXI, South and Central America; Mexico
Released by the
Office of the Historian
Index
Note: All references are to document numbers
Ackley, H. Gardner, 289 Acosta Bonilla, Manuel, 104, 106, 108, 118 Adair, Charles W., Jr., 433, 440, 443, 444, 447, 448, 449, 450, 452, 455 Adair, E. Ross, 249, 489 Adams, Robert W., 18, 26, 28, 74, 149, 151, 188, 190, 193, 198, 200, 201, 203, 208, 255, 266, 272, 349, 524 Adenauer, Konrad, 346 Adhemar Pereira de Barros, 182, 184, 186, 187, 201, 209 AFL-CIO, 81, 117, 152 Aguero Rocha, Fernando, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96 Ahumada, Jorge, 274, 276 Aiken, George, 39 Ailes, Stephen, 279, 368, 419, 421, 424, 425 Akers, Robert Wood, 302 Alejos, Roberto, 75 Aleman, Roberto, 450 Alessandri Rodriguez, Jorge, 260, 261, 264 Alexander, Archibald S. 65 Allen, Ward P., 4, 5, 7, 14, 58 Allende Gossens, Salvador, 16, 173, 303
Chilean Presidential election of 1964, 247, 249, 250, 251, 253, 254, 259, 260, 261, 264, 268, 269 U.S. assessment of, 251
Alliance for Progress:
Central American Export Development Program, 119 Coordinator for, proposed, 43 Counterinsurgency program, 3, 4, 6, 28, 61, 63 Democracy and dictators, approach to (Mann Doctrine), 10 Economic program, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 51, 52, 62, 69, 71 Fourth Anniversary celebration of, 30 Frontier development in South America, 40 Funding for, 15 Gordon appointment as Assistant Secretary of State, 37 Inter-American Committee on the Alliance for Progress (CIAP), 1, 2, 10, 12, 13, 40, 67, 330 Johnson visit to Central American, 111, 112 Johnson meeting with Latin American Ambassadors, 13 Johnson meeting with Latin American Foreign Ministers, 21 Johnson meeting with U.S. Ambassadors to Latin America, 18 Johnson speech (1964), 10 Kennedy visit to Latin American, 31, 32, 33 Military program, 11, 25, 29, 65, 66, 67 Oliver appointment as Assistant Secretary of State, 43 Oliver visit to Latin American, 68, 69 Presidents' meeting in 1965, proposed, 26 Press coverage, 2, 10, 12, 17, 49, 52 Public relations efforts, 31, 43 Rusk visit to Latin American, 33
Alsogaray, Alvaro C., 136, 138, 143 Alsogaray, Gen. Julio R., 128, 136 Alter, Gerald M., 313 Alves, Osvino, 205 Alves Bastos, Comdr. Justino, 192, 201 American and Foreign Power Company (AMFORP), 183, 212, 214 Ampuero Diaz, Raul, 251, 260 Anaconda Copper Company, 257, 278, 282, 284, 285, 287, 289 Ancora, Gen. Armando de Morais, 203 Anderson, Clinton P., 353, 536 Anderson, Robert B., 1, 284, 452, 456
Panama Canal treaty negotiations, 408, 409, 410, 417, 419, 421, 425, 427, 428, 429, 432, 434, 435, 437, 438, 440
Andrade, Victor, 159 Andreazza, Mario David, 230 Angueiras, 456 Anthis, Gen., 28 Aragao, Adm. Candida, 191, 205 Aragao, Gen. Moniz de, 240 Arango, Augusto, 371, 450 Arango, William, 375 Arco Galindo, Juan de, 398 Arenales Catalan, Emilio, 103, 113 Argentina:
Bolivia, relations with, 164 Chile, relations with, 136 Common market for Latin America, 62 Coup of 1966, 124, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 136, 143 Cuban arms cache in Venezuela, OAS resolution on, 21, 22 Economic situation, 145 Johnson meeting with Ongan’a, 145 Oil expropriations, 16, 121, 122, 123, 126, 143 Ongan’a government policies, 136, 138, 143 Ongan’a government prospects, 146 Political situation under Illia, 124 Rusk meeting with Alsogaray, 143 Rusk visit to, 33 Uruguay, relations with, 463, 464 U.S. economic/development assistance, 121, 122, 123, 126, 132, 142 U.S. military/security assistance, 66, 125, 128, 129, 132, 142, 144 U.S. policy toward Ongania government, 142 U.S. recognition of Ongania government, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141 U.S. trade relations with, 123
Arguedas, Antonio, 178, 179 Arias Espinosa, Ricardo M., 422, 434, 435 Arias Madrid, Arnulfo:
Panama, 376, 386, 388, 395
Coup of 1968, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452 Coup threat in 1964, 377 Coup threat in 1966, 430 Presidential election of 1964, 398, 415, 416 Presidential election of 1968, 436, 442, 443, 445, 446, 447 Robles, impeachment of, 443, 444, 445 U.S. policy toward Arias following coup, 453, 456 U.S. recognition of military junta, 455
Arosemena Gomez, Otto:
Ecuador:
Appointment of new U.S. Ambassador, 341, 344 Arosemena criticism of Alliance for Progress, 330, 331, 333, 334, 335, 336 Elections of 1966, 330 Johnson meeting with Arosemena, 51 Rapprochement with United States, 343, 344 Recall of U.S. Ambassador, 340 U.S. economic/development assistance, 332
OAS Summit meeting of 1967, 51
Arrais, Miguel, 182, 209 Arriaga, Col. Rafael, 101 Artime, Manuel (Buesa), 73 Aspinall, Wayne N., 353 Assis Brasil, Gen. Argemiro, 205 Assumpcao, Gen. Henrique, 240
Baeza, Antonio, 254 Baker, H. W., 473 Balaguer, Joaquin, 59, 61 Ball, George W., 193, 196, 198, 375, 498
Alliance for Progress, 13, 26 Argentina, 126, 128, 132, 134, 135, 139 Brazil, 5, 76, 208
Political crisis of 1964, 199, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207
Chile, 256, 285, 286, 287, 288 Panama, 368, 377, 383, 384, 393, 433 Venezuela, 524, 529
Baltra, Alberto, 297 Barall, Milton, 266 Barboza, Gibson, 238 Bardach, Henry, 546 Barneby, Malcolm R., 472, 478 Barnes, Donald F., 292, 346, 352, 356 Barr, Joseph W., 48, 65, 67, 309 Barrientos Ortuno, Gen. René, 59, 68
Bolivia, 154
Communist subversion, 163 Co-presidential arrangement of Barrientos and Ovando, 155, 156, 158 Coup of 1964, 147, 149, 150, 151 Guevara capture and execution, 173 Johnson meetings with Barrientos, 162, 176 Political crisis of 1968, 178, 179 Presidential election of 1966, 147, 159, 160, 161 Rusk meeting with Barrientos, 162 U.S. covert political action program, 147, 153 U.S. economic/development assistance, 176, 177 U.S. military/security assistance, 154, 155, 163, 166 U.S. recognition of Barrientos government, 152
Barrios, Gonzalo, 535, 536, 538, 548 Bartlett, Charles, 315 Batista, Fulgencio, 459 Batlle, Luis, 461 Beale, Tom, 271 Bedoya Reyes, Luis, 521 Behrman, Jack N., 3 Belaunde Terry, Fernando, 62, 65, 162
Peru:
Coup of 1968, 497, 499, 501, 506, 509, 510, 511 Elections of 1967, 501 Johnson attitude toward Belaunde, 499 Johnson communications with Belaunde, 475, 477 Military aircraft purchases and U.S. economic assistance, 485, 491, 492, 494, 495, 496, 499, 500, 501, 502 Oil expropriations and U.S. economic assistance, 470, 472, 475, 476, 477, 478, 479, 480, 483, 484, 486, 487, 489, 491, 500, 501, 502, 504 Oliver visit to, 68, 69 U.S. economic/development assistance, 505, 508
Belize. See British Honduras. Bell, David E., 11, 25, 28, 122, 208, 216, 224, 256, 275, 276, 281, 288, 329 Bell, John O., 18, 75, 77 Belton, William, 236, 254, 255 Beltran, Pedro, 501, 510, 521 Beltran, Washington, 33 Benedetti, Eloy, 375 Bennett, W. Tapley, Jr., 18, 356 Berckemeyer, Fernando, 521 Berdecio, Jaime, 154, 162 Bergold, Harry, 349 Berle, Adolf A., 31, 37, 47, 49, 74, 187, 284 Berlin, Lawrence H., 334, 344 Bernbaum, Maurice M., 55, 56, 58, 314
Venezuela:
British Guiana border dispute, 544 Communist subversion, 525, 538, 539, 545, 547 Coup threat, 531, 538 Cuban fishing vessel, seizure of, 545, 546, 547 Johnson meeting with Barrios, 535 Oil exports to United States, 525, 526, 528, 533, 542, 543 University crisis of 1967, 538 U.S. military/security assistance, 525, 539, 547
Bernstein, Enrique, 270 Betancourt, Rómulo, 8, 13, 465, 522, 528 Bloomfield, Richard J.,Ê495 Bogart, Gen., 375 Bohlen, Charles E., 69, 306, 503 Bolivia, 2
Argentina, relations with, 164 Chile, relations with, 162 Common market for Latin America, 62 Communist subversion, 59, 61, 63, 163, 164, 167, 169, 170, 172, 173 Co-presidential arrangement of Barrientos and Ovando, 155, 156, 158 Coup of 1964, 147, 149, 150, 151 Cuba, possible war with, 165 Cuban arms cache in Venezuela, OAS resolution on, 20, 21, 22, 23 Debray trial, 164, 167, 168, 171, 173 Guevara, capture and execution of, 163, 164, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173 Johnson meetings with Barrientos, 162, 176 Mining industry problems, 154, 155, 157 Oliver visit to, 68 Political crisis of 1968, 178, 179 Presidential election of 1964, 147, 149 Presidential election of 1966, 147, 159, 160, 161 Rusk meeting with Barrientos, 162 U.S. covert political action program, 147, 148, 153, 158, 161, 174 U.S. economic/development assistance, 165, 175, 176, 177, 180 U.S. military/security assistance, 154, 155, 163, 164, 165, 166, 170 U.S. objectives and courses of action, 157 U.S. recognition of Barrientos government, 152
Bosch, Juan, 217, 278, 465 Boster, Davis E., 200 Bowdler, William G., 33, 42, 43, 45, 48, 54, 56, 61, 62, 64, 68, 69, 81, 82, 83, 85, 87, 88, 109, 133, 135, 139, 140, 165, 166, 176, 177, 178, 219, 220, 231, 281, 289, 295, 297, 301, 305, 307, 308, 318, 325, 327, 328, 335, 337, 338, 443, 453, 475, 476, 481, 487, 495, 497, 498, 499, 500, 504, 531, 536, 540, 543 Boyd, Aquilino Edgardo, 395 Boyd, Maj. Federico, 376, 449 Brady, Lee, 303 Braga, Nei, 182, 187, 221 Bravo, Douglas, 59 Brazil, 2, 16, 18, 32, 33, 314, 338, 498
Argentinian coup of 1966 and, 129 Castello government, U.S. assessments of, 213, 218, 226 Castello selection as President, 209, 211, 212 Coffee agreement with United States, 208 Common market for Latin America, 62 Communist dictatorship, threat of. See Political crisis of 1964 below. Communist subversion, 24, 230 Costa e Silva government, U.S. assessments of, 226, 229, 233, 235 Costa e Silva policies, 243 Cuban arms cache in Venezuela, OAS resolution on, 20, 21, 22, 23 Dominican crisis, 217 Economic situation, 215, 218, 224, 229, 235 Institutional Acts restricting civil liberties, 209, 211, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 236, 237, 238, 241 Johnson meeting with Costa e Silva, 228 Military dictatorship, 214, 221, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 244 Political crisis of 1964, 182
Coup against Goulart, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 206, 207 Domestic conditions giving rise to, 185 Goulart campaign to seize dictatorial power, 183, 184, 187, 190, 197, 211 Goulart departure from Brazil, 203, 204, 207 Mazzilli appointment as Acting President, 204, 205, 206, 207 Military preparations to act against Goulart, 186, 187, 192 Rusk summary of events for Congressional Leaders, 208 U.S. contingency planning, 181, 185 U.S. information policy re, 188, 193, 197, 200, 202 U.S. recognition of new government, 203, 204, 205, 206 U.S. support for anti-Goulart forces, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 201, 202, 203, 205, 206
Political crisis of 1965, 219 Political purges, 209, 214 Presidential election of 1966, 214, 218, 220, 226 Rusk meeting with Castello, 223 Trade relations with United States, 183 Uruguay, relations with, 463, 464 U.S. economic/development assistance, 196, 208, 212, 214, 215, 216, 220, 223, 224, 227, 229, 232, 234, 238, 242, 244 U.S. military/security assistance, 65, 66, 181, 230, 231 U.S. policy to support moderation and discourage extremism, 223 Vietnam war, Brazilian troops for, 224, 225
Breen, John R., 495 Brewin, Roger C., 151, 152 Brezhnev, Leonid I., 164 Brinckerhoff, Charles M., 257, 287 British Guiana, 24, 523, 524, 536, 544 British Honduras, 76, 77, 78, 103, 113 Brizzola, Leonel, 24, 182, 183, 184, 185, 201, 205, 209, 463 Broe, William V., 98, 161, 166, 171, 172, 173, 291, 298, 304, 306, 457 Bronheim, David, 51 Brown, Aaron S., 18, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96 Brown, George S., 109 Bueso Arias, Jorge, 72 Bulhoes, Otavio, 215 Bulkeley, Adm. John D., 2 Bundy, McGeorge, 6, 7, 13, 40, 75, 81, 82, 83, 193, 196, 197, 214
Alliance for Progress, 3, 10, 17, 18, 21
Military program, 11, 25, 29
Argentina, 125 Bolivia, 149, 150, 152, 155, 156, 157, 158 Brazil, 219, 223
Institutional Acts restricting civil liberties, 220 Political crisis of 1964, 185, 187, 188, 189, 191, 199, 202, 203 U.S. economic/development assistance, 216 Vietnam war, Brazilian troops for, 225
Chile, 249, 279
Copper price problem, 282, 283, 284, 286 Cuba, break in relations with, 265 Dungan appointment as Ambassador, 271 Presidential election of 1964, 246, 248, 250, 253, 256, 257, 258, 259, 261, 262, 264, 267, 268, 269 U.S. covert political action program, 246, 248, 250, 253, 256, 257, 258, 262, 267 U.S. economic/development assistance, 281
Colombia, 314, 315, 317 Cuba:
Cuban arms cache in Venezuela, OAS resolution on, 3, 4, 9, 19, 21, 22 Trade restrictions re, 3, 9, 19 U.S. military action in response to Cuban aggression, issue of, 19
Guatemala, 84, 85 Mexico, 350, 353, 354, 355 Organization of American States, resolution on Cuban arms cache in Venezuela, 3, 4, 9, 19, 21, 22 Panama:
Anti-American demonstrations, 420, 422 Communist subversion, 377 Inter-American Peace Committee involvement in Panamanian-U.S. conflict, 371, 377 OAS action on Panamanian-U.S. conflict, 390, 392, 399, 405 Presidential election of 1964, 415 Rioting of 1964, 368 U.S. interdepartmental organization for Panamanian affairs, 414 U.S.-Panamanian relations, breaking and resumption of, 399, 400, 403, 404, 405, 406 U.S. program to improve relations with Panama, 420, 422
Panama Canal treaty negotiations:
Base rights issue, 420, 423 Congressional involvement, 425, 427, 429 Joint management issue, 427 New treaty for existing canal, 420, 423 Process of reaching agreement to initiate negotiations, 371, 373, 375, 378, 379, 388, 389, 390, 392, 396, 397, 399, 400, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407 Sea-level canal issue, 420, 423 U.S. policy development for, 421, 423, 425
Paraguay, 462 Peru, 475 Venezuela, 527, 531
Cuban arms cache in Venezuela, OAS resolution on, 3, 4, 9, 19, 21, 22
Bunker, Ellsworth, 3, 4, 7, 14, 16, 20, 21, 33, 46, 455
Panama Canal treaty negotiations, 384, 387, 388, 402, 404, 405, 406, 407, 409
Burnham, Forbes, 523, 524, 544 Burrows, Charles R., 72, 74, 90, 91, 98, 101, 102, 103, 105, 106, 118 Burton, Ralph J., 181, 185, 187, 188, 190, 191, 193, 200, 201, 202, 205, 215 Busby, Horace, Jr., 21 Business Group for Latin America, 253 Bustos, Ciro Roberto, 174 Byington, Alberto, 187
Caamano, Col. Francisco, 278 Caldera, Rafael, 548 Califano, Joseph A., Jr., 3, 4, 279, 284, 286, 287, 288, 289, 532 Calle Restropo, Diego, 310, 311 Camara, Helder, 240 Camara, Jayme, 240 Campos, Milton, 214 Campos, Roberto de Oliveira, 212, 215 Canada, 16, 34, 230, 288
Oil trade, 526, 527, 530, 532, 540, 543
Cantilo, José Luis, 127 Cantinflas, 356 Caram, Angel R., 143 Cardenas, Lazaro, 16 Carías Castillo, Tiburcio, 117, 118 Carlson, Frank, 39, 433 Carlson, Reynold E., 323 Caro, Gen. Carlos Augusto, 131, 134, 136 Carrillo Flores, Antonio, 31, 34, 42, 46, 350, 352, 356, 360 Carriquiri, Pablo, 501 Carter, Albert E., 412 Carter, Lt. Gen. Marshall S., 252, 255, 272 Carvalho Pinto, Carlos Alberto Alvers de, 182 Castello Branco, Gen. Humberto, 26, 32, 129, 229, 465
Brazil, 217
Castello government, U.S. assessments of, 213, 218, 223, 226 Castello selection as President, 209, 211, 212 Economic situation, 215, 224 Institutional Acts restricting civil liberties, 220, 221, 223 Military dictatorship, 214, 221 Political crisis of 1964, 186, 187, 192, 203, 205, 207 Political purges, 209, 214 Presidential election of 1966, 214, 218, 220 Vietnam war, Brazilian troops for, 224, 225
Castilho, Gen., 240 Castillero Pimentel, 422 Castro, Raul H., 179 Castro Ruz, Fidel, 3, 6, 16, 23, 24, 59, 60, 63, 64, 101, 120, 164, 173, 178, 179, 259, 270, 356, 369, 377, 465, 522, 525
Guevara comments on, 172
Castro Sanchez, Eduardo, 134, 136 Cater, S. Douglass, Jr., 67 Cates, John M., Jr., 117, 512 Cavalcanti, Col. Boaventura, 240 Central American Bank, 110 Central American Export Development Program, 119 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (see also National Intelligence Estimates; Special National Intelligence Estimates), 75
Bolivia:
Communist subversion, 164, 167, 170, 173 Coup of 1964, 151 Debray, trial of, 168 Guevara, capture and execution of, 163, 164, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172 Political crisis of 1968, 179 U.S. covert political action program, 147, 148, 153, 158, 161 U.S. military/security assistance, 155, 165, 166
Brazil, 193, 195 Chile, 270, 277, 298
Presidential election of 1964, 245, 247, 248, 250, 252, 253, 256, 257, 258, 262, 268, 269 U.S. covert political action program, 245, 247, 248, 250, 252, 253, 256, 257, 258, 262, 269, 273, 277, 304, 306
Colombia, 319 Counterinsurgency program in Latin America, 28 Cuban infiltration of Venezuela, OAS action on, 53, 54 Guatemala, 84, 98 Mexico, 365 Panama, 377, 388, 422, 445, 448, 450, 454, 455
Presidential election of 1964, 415, 416
Peru, 471, 497
Cerqueira, Benedito, 209 Chamorro, Pedro Joaquin, 94, 95, 96 Chaplin, Maxwell, 362, 363 Chase, Gordon, 3, 4, 6, 7, 17, 150, 185, 188, 249, 256, 315, 373, 415 Chayes, Abram J., 7, 8, 9, 203, 377 Chiari, Roberto F., 368, 416
Panama:
Chiari, downfall of, U.S. planning for, 386, 388 Communist subversion, 372 Coup threat in 1964, 377 Flag issue, 372 Johnson discussions with Chiari, 370, 410 Rio Hato base evacuation by United States, 376 Rioting of 1964, 369, 370, 372, 375, 395 U.S.-Panamanian relations, breaking and resumption of, 372, 376, 379, 395, 403, 410
Panama Canal treaty negotiations:
Chiari miscalculations in dealing with United States, 386, 395 Process of reaching agreement to initiate negotiations, 370, 372, 375, 376, 377, 379, 395, 396, 403, 410
Chile, 32
Agrarian reform, 292 Argentina, relations with, 136 Bolivia, relations with, 162 "Camelot" military research project, 279, 280 Common market for Latin America, 62 Communist electoral victory, threat of. See Presidential election of 1964 below. Communists' alliance with Christian Democrats, 300, 301, 302, 304 Communists' political resurgence, 298 Congressional by-election of 1964, 248, 250 Congressional elections of 1965, 273, 277 Congressional elections of 1969, 304, 306, 309 Constitutional amendment, 290 Copper price problem, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 295, 302 Coup threat, 305 Cuba, break in relations with, 265 Cuban arms cache in Venezuela, OAS resolution on, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 Cuban infiltration of Venezuela, OAS action on, 64 Dominican crisis, 278, 281 Dungan appointment as Ambassador, 271 Economic situation, 249 Frei government, U.S. policy toward, 266, 272 Frei government prospects, U.S. assessments of, 270, 293, 303 Frei conflicts within Christian Democratic Party, 296, 297, 298, 299 Frei struggle with political opposition, 290, 305 Johnson invitation for Frei to visit United States, 290 Johnson meeting with Frei, 292 Kennedy visit to, 33 Korry appointment as Ambassador, 296 Municipal elections of 1967, 291, 293 National Committee election of 1967, 294 Peru, relations with, 502 Presidential election of 1964, 16, 20, 24, 254, 260, 274
Allende/Communist victory, U.S. concerns about, 249, 251, 259, 264 Duran candidacy, 254, 258 Forecasts re, 261, 268 Results of voting, 269 U.S. analysis of possible voting patterns, 250 U.S. business support for Frei, 253, 257 U.S. covert political action program, 245, 246, 247, 248, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 262, 263, 267, 269
"Revolution in Liberty" program, ending of, 303 U.S. covert political action program (see also under Presidential election of 1964 above), 272, 273, 277, 291, 294, 304, 306 U.S. economic/development assistance, 252, 253, 256, 260, 274, 275, 276, 278, 281, 289, 292, 295, 307, 308, 309 U.S. military/security assistance, 66
China, People's Republic of, 24, 346 Chonchol, Jacques, 303 Christian, George E., 50, 63, 490, 509, 511, 519, 520, 540 CIAP. See Inter-American Committee of the Alliance for Progress under Alliance for Progress. Cienfuegos, Camilo, 172 Cintra, Gen. José Pinheiro de Ulhoa, 187, 192 Cities Service, 16 Clark, Edward W., 420, 421, 431, 439 Clavel Méndez, Archbishop Tomas Alberto, 443 Clifford, Clark M., 69, 284, 458, 498, 519 Cline, Ray S., 155 Cobb, William B., Jr., 523, 524 Coelho, Juliao Marco Antonio, 209 Coerr, Wymberley deR.:
Chile, 278 Ecuador, 326, 327, 328, 331, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 340 Uruguay, 460, 461, 463
Cole, Charles W., 245, 249, 250, 252, 253, 260, 263, 269, 272 Collins, V. Lansing, 72, 367, 368, 377, 386, 415 Colombia, 20, 62, 64, 68, 345
Communist subversion, 28, 59, 61, 63, 70, 316, 323 Congressional elections of 1966, 316, 318 Coup threat, 310, 312, 313, 314, 316 Panama crisis, 369 Political/economic crisis, U.S. efforts to deal with, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 321 Presidential election of 1966, 318, 320 Sea-level canal issue, 377, 421, 423, 424, 428 U.S. covert political action program, 319 U.S. economic/development assistance, 317, 321, 322, 325
Colwell, Thomas C., 312 Communism in Latin America (see also specific countries):
"Communist Potentialities in Latin America" report, 24 Conference of Representatives of Latin American Communist Parties, 28 Guerrilla problem in various countries, 59, 60, 61 "Insurgency in Latin America" report, 38 "Potential for Revolution in Latin America" report, 70 U.S. counterinsurgency program, 3, 4, 6, 28, 61, 63 U.S.-Soviet discussions re, 60
Congo, 172, 284 Congress, U.S., 2
Alliance for Progress:
Economic program, 44, 45, 48, 49, 51 Funding for, 15 Military program, 65
Argentina, 141, 142, 144 Bolivia, 152 Brazil, 208 Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, 249 Mexico, 358 OAS charter amendments, 39 Panama, 368, 447 Panama Canal treaty negotiations, 409, 417, 425, 427, 428, 429, 433 Peru, 489, 490, 491, 492, 494, 495, 508, 520
Connell, Col., 189 Conte, Silvio O., 66, 495 Cooley, Harold D., 16 Cordeiro de Farias, Gen. Osvaldo, 192 Cornford, F. M., 215 Correa, José Antonio, 13 Corrigan, Robert F., 101 Corvalan, Luis, 251 Costa, Gen. Joao, 205 Costa e Silva, Gen. Arturo da, 211, 223, 498
Costa e Silva government, U.S. assessments of, 226, 229, 233, 235 Johnson meeting with Costa e Silva, 228 Military dictatorship, 240, 244 Political crisis of 1964, 203, 205 Political situation in Brazil, 209, 230, 238, 243 Presidential election of 1966, 226 U.S. military/security assistance, 230, 231
Costa Méndez, Nicanor, 138, 140, 145 Costanzo, Henry J., 311 Costa Rica, 16
Cuban arms cache in Venezuela, OAS resolution on, 20 Johnson meeting with Orlich, 73 Johnson meeting with Trejos, 110 Presidential election of 1966, 79, 80, 81, 85 Sea-level canal issue, 421, 423, 424, 428
Costa Santos, Max da, 209 Cottrell, Sterling J., 388, 395, 400, 537 Crawford, Boyd, 141 Crawford, Gen., 188 Crimmins, John H., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 61 Crockett, William J., 17 Crowley, John J., Jr., 340, 344, 524 Cruz Martínez, Rogelia, 100 Cuba, 356
Batista overthrow, 459 Bolivia, possible war with, 165 Bolivian guerrillas and, 163, 164, 167, 168, 173 Castro ouster, U.S. interest in, 16 Chile, break in relations with, 265 Chilean Presidential election of 1964 and, 259 Colombian guerrillas and, 323 Communist potentialities in Latin America and, 24 Cuban arms cache in Venezuela, OAS resolution on, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 14, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 Cuban infiltration of Venezuela, OAS action on, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 64 Guerrilla infiltration of various countries, 59, 60 Guevara comments on, 172 Panamanian Communist activity and, 376, 377 Political situation, 16 Trade restrictions re, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 16, 19, 56 U.S. military action in response to Cuban aggression, issue of, 7, 8, 9, 14, 16, 19 U.S. policy toward, 6 Venezuelan guerrillas and (see also Cuban headings above), 522, 525, 547 Venezuelan seizure of Cuban fishing vessel, 545, 546, 547
Cuba, Simon, 172 Cunha Rodrigues, Adm. Paulo Mario, 191 Cutter, Curtis C., 479
D'Aguiar, Peter, 523 Dany, Maj. Gen., 449 Daza, Pedro, 292 Dearborn, Henry, 310 Debray, Jules Regis, 164, 167, 168, 171, 173 De Gaulle, Charles, 129, 183, 212, 346, 465, 492, 502 De la Garza, Eligio, 355 De la Rosa, Diógenes, 421, 435, 438 De Lavalle, Juan Bautista de, 401, 405, 406, 407 Delfim Neto, Antonio, 232, 238 Del Mar, Maj. Gen. Roland, 65 Devalle, Max, 444 Denney, George C., Jr., 155, 158, 179 Dentzer, William T., Jr., 150, 157, 253, 254, 255, 266, 274, 275, 276, 491 De Seabra, José A., 228 Díaz Ordaz, Gustavo, 42, 347, 502
Mexico, 348, 349, 359
Student disturbances of 1968, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366 Trade relations with United States, 352, 356, 358
OAS Summit meeting of 1967, 52
Dillon, C. Douglas, 9 Dios Aguilar, Juan de, 87 Dios Carmona, Juan de, 254 Dirksen, Everett M., 48, 208, 344 Dodd, Bill, 369 Doig Sanchez, Gen. Julio, 493, 500 Dominican Republic, 16, 18, 20, 30, 32, 33, 42, 217, 278, 281, 313, 356, 465
Communist subversion, 59, 61
Dreier, John, 118 Dreyfuss, John T., 128, 132, 134 DuBois, Jules, 200 Duke, Angier Biddle, 13, 21, 352 Dulles, John Foster, 382 Dungan, Ralph A., 3, 7, 17, 18, 30, 32, 144, 187, 191, 199, 202
Chile, 248, 271, 275, 278, 293, 296
"Camelot" military research project, 279, 280 Copper price problem, 282, 283, 284, 286, 287 Presidential election of 1964, 246, 250, 268 U.S. covert political action program, 246, 250, 273, 277, 291, 294
Mexico, 348 Panama, 368, 376, 377, 378, 387, 400, 404
Dunkerly, Harold, 310 Duran Neumann, Julio, 245, 247, 248, 250, 253, 254, 261, 268, 269, 293 Dutra, Gen. Eurico Gaspar, 187, 192, 211
Earle II, Ralph, 109 Eaton, Samuel D., 52, 313, 314 Echandi, Mario, 80 Economic integration in Latin America. See Alliance for Progress. Ecuador, 20, 51, 62, 342
Appointment of new U.S. Ambassador, 341, 343, 344 Arosemena criticism of Alliance for Progress, 330, 331, 333, 334, 335, 336 Communist subversion, 59, 61 Counterinsurgency program, 326 Elections of 1966, 327, 328, 330 Political crisis of 1966, 327, 328 Rapprochement with United States, 343, 344 Recall of U.S. Ambassador, 337, 338, 339, 340 U.S. economic/development assistance, 329, 332, 333, 334, 336, 339, 340
Eder, Richard G., 479 Edwards, Augustin, 257 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 60, 369, 370, 382, 384, 421, 498, 528 Eisenhower, Milton S., 31, 47, 49, 67, 498 Eleta Almaran, Fernando, 421, 422, 424, 433, 434, 435, 440, 441 Elizalde, Félix, 130 El Salvador, 20, 111, 112 Emrich, Viola, 31 Engle, James B., 28, 94 Ensor, Andrew F., 121, 122 Escalon, Lt. Col. Armando, 72 Espinosa, 501 Export-Import Bank, 79, 126, 130, 215, 274, 282, 314, 356
Facio, Gonzalo J., 73 Favell, Thomas R., 272, 274 Febrés Cordero, Agustin, 330 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 455 Fehmer, Marie, 475 Fico, Gen. Nicolau, 205 Figueres, José "Pepe," 465 Finkel, E. Jay, 495 Fisher, Glen H., 51 Fitch, Lt. Gen. Alva R., 150 FitzGerald, Desmond, 3, 4, 9, 28, 74, 154, 155, 158, 163, 166, 187, 188, 191, 193, 202, 248, 250, 254, 257, 268, 272, 415, 422 Fitzgerald, John F., 546 Fleming, Robert J., 367, 372, 418 Flood, Dan, 378, 427 Ford, Gerald R., 48 Ford Motor Company, 359 Foster, William C., 65 Fowler, Henry H., 3, 41, 44, 69, 71, 227, 232, 289, 295, 310, 317, 322, 329, 334, 466, 483,495 Fowler, James R., 335, 502 Fox, Lt. Col. Edward J., Jr., 149 France, 16, 125, 168, 183, 212, 230, 231, 346
Peruvian military aircraft purchases, 485, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496
Franco, Francisco, 129 Frank, Richard A., 103, 113, 439 Frankel, Charlie, 358 Frankel, Max, 2, 49 Fredley, Dottie, 307, 308 Freeman, Fulton "Tony," 345, 347, 358, 361 Freeman, Orville L., 180, 256, 308, 309, 332, 358, 505, 508 Frei Montalva, Eduardo, 49, 271, 278, 290, 292, 303
Chile, 52, 292, 300, 305
Copper price problem, 283, 285, 286, 287, 288 Frei government, U.S. policy toward, 266, 272 Frei government prospects, U.S. assessments of, 270, 293, 303 Frei conflicts within Christian Democratic Party, 296, 297, 298, 299 Frei struggle with political opposition, 290, 305 Presidential election of 1964, 16, 20, 245, 250, 253, 254, 257, 260, 261, 262, 263, 268, 269 U.S. covert political action program, 245, 250, 253, 254, 262, 263, 273, 291 U.S. economic/development assistance, 276, 281, 289, 292, 307, 308
Friedkin, Joseph F., 352, 358 Friedman, Alvin, 28 Friendly, Alfred, 2 Frixione, 94 Fulbright, J. William, 31, 32, 39, 43, 49, 51, 141, 142, 208, 392, 393, 406, 409, 433, 541 Furtado, Celso, 212
Gaitan, Jorge Eliécer, 319 Galindo, Juan de Arco, 415, 416 Gama e Silva, Luis Antonio da, 237, 240 Gander, James, 358 Garcia, Sergeant, 209 Gardner, James R., 168, 174 Gaud, William S., 28, 44, 48, 65, 67, 112, 119, 142, 180, 227, 232, 234, 289, 295, 307, 308, 309, 322, 332, 339, 432, 433, 466, 468, 483, 484, 488, 494, 495, 505, 508 Geneen, Harold S., 256 Gerli, Edmundo, 80 Gestido, Gen. Oscar, 461, 466, 467, 468 Getzin, Edmund E., 284 Gibson, Carlos, 514 Glaessner, Philip J. W., 495 Goldwater, Barry, 382 Gomez, 254 Gonzalez, Celio, 117 Gonzalez Torres, Dionisio, 465 Goodpaster, Gen. Andrew J., 188, 196 Goodwin, Richard M., 17, 245 Gordon, A. Lincoln, 18, 32, 34, 43, 47, 50, 87, 88, 127, 132, 142, 159, 162, 219, 330, 431
Appointment as Assistant Secretary of State, 37 Argentina, 128, 129, 135, 136, 141, 143, 144 Brazil, 217
Castello selection as President, 209, 211, 212 Economic situation, 215 Institutional Acts restricting civil liberties, 209, 211, 220, 221, 222, 223 Johnson meeting with Costa e Silva, 228 Military dictatorship, 214, 221 Political crisis of 1964, 182, 183, 185, 186, 187, 190, 191, 192, 194, 195, 197, 198, 201, 202, 203, 205, 206, 207, 211 Political purges, 209, 214 Presidential election of 1966, 214 Trade relations with United States, 183 U.S. economic/development assistance, 212, 215, 216, 220, 223, 224 U.S. military/security assistance, 181 U.S. policy to support moderation and discourage extremism, 223 Vietnam war, Brazilian troops for, 224, 225
Chile, 289, 292, 293
U.S. covert political action program, 291, 294
Colombia, 318, 319, 320 Economic program in Latin America, 41, 42, 44, 45, 52 Frontier development in South America, 40 Mexico, 357, 358 Nicaragua, 91 OAS charter amendments, 39 OAS Summit meeting of 1967, 41, 44, 45, 51, 52 Panama Canal treaty negotiations, 432, 433, 434, 435 Peru, 475, 476, 483, 484, 498 Venezuela, 540, 541
Gordon, Allen D., 149 Gordon, Kermit, 215 Gore, Albert, 433 Gorostiza, Jose, 21 Goulart, Joao, 2, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, 190, 197, 201, 203, 204, 207, 208, 211, 221, 463 Graham, Katharine M., 2 Greenfield, James L., 193 Gresham, 201, 203 Gruening, Ernest, 10, 462 Guatemala, 20, 24, 34, 89, 356
Assassination of U.S. Ambassador, 114, 115, 116 Assassinations of U.S. military personnel, 99, 100, 101, 102 British Honduras dispute, 76, 77, 78, 103, 113 Communist subversion, 28, 59, 61, 63, 70, 75, 86, 87, 99, 100, 115, 116, 120 Counterinsurgency program, 100, 101, 102, 109 Coup threat, 84, 85, 86, 98 Presidential election of 1966, 84, 86, 87, 88 Situation reports, 75, 86 U.S. military/security assistance, 109
Guerrero Gutiérrez, Lorenzo, 93, 94 Guevara Arce, Walter, 174, 175 Guevara de la Serna, Ernesto "Che," 59, 63, 163, 164, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 178, 179 Gutiérrez-Olivos, Sergio, 260
Haiti, 21, 22, 28, 42, 338, 462 Halperin, Ernst, 259 Hammer, Mike, 117, 118 Hand, Lloyd N., 26 Harriman, W. Averell, 121, 375
Argentina, 122 Bolivia, 152 Brazil, 217, 224, 225 Chile, 278, 285, 286, 287, 288 Counterinsurgency program in Latin America, 28 Dominican Republic, 30 Honduras, 72 Kennedy, visit to Latin America, 32 OAS Rio Conference of 1965, 34 Panama Canal treaty negotiations, 421
Hartman, Arthur A., 65, 66, 302, 457, 495 Hatcher, Andrew, 345 Haya de la Torre, Raul Victor, 474, 487, 489, 510 Hayden, Carl T., 16, 208, 348, 353, 447 Hegarty, James, 447 Helms, Richard M., 66, 69, 157, 161, 171, 172, 173, 188, 196, 298, 368, 376, 432, 433, 441, 445, 498, 519 Henderson, Douglas, 22, 148, 151, 153, 154, 155, 158, 159, 162, 163, 166, 174, 175, 176, 178 Hendon, Robert R., 312 Hendrix, Harold V., 43 Herbert, Ray, 273 Hercelles, Oswaldo, 506 Herr, Donald F., 300 Herrera Lane, Felipe, 264 Herron, Francis W., 542 Herz, 230 Hickenlooper, Bourke B., 21, 48, 49, 122, 141, 249, 409, 427, 429, 433, 472, 476, 479, 514, 520 Hill, John Calvin, Jr., 314, 319, 533, 536, 543, 544 Hilliker, Grant G., 149 Holt, Pat, 144 Honduras, 20, 28, 72
Elections of 1964, 74 Elections of 1968, 104, 105, 106, 108 El Salvador, conflict with, 112 Rusk meeting with Zuniga, 117 U.S. anti-government involvement, alleged, 117, 118 U.S. anti-Zuniga policy, 74, 106, 107, 108
Hoover, J. Edgar, 365 Hornig, Donald F., 67 Hoyt, Henry A., 22, 122, 123, 459, 460, 463 Hughes, Thomas L., 35, 66, 179, 252, 255, 270, 272, 290, 412, 446, 447 Humphrey, Hubert H., 10, 67, 69, 409
Costa Rica, 79, 80, 81
Hurwitch, Robert A., 253, 255, 258
Ibanez, 303 Illia, Arturo Umberto, 33, 121, 124, 127, 130, 131, 133, 134 Illia, Ricardo, 138 Illueca, Jorge E., 16, 417, 421 Inter-American Committee on the Alliance for Progress (CIAP). See under Alliance for Progress. Inter-American Cultural Conference, 67, 68 Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), 41, 45, 48, 67, 71, 75, 342, 478, 495 Inter-American Peace Committee, 368, 371, 375, 377, 378, 379, 383, 384 Interior Department, U.S., 348, 353, 354, 358, 526, 527, 530, 532 International Development Association (IDA), 13 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 175, 215, 224, 234, 253, 309, 311, 483, 488, 506
Colombia, 311, 313, 314, 315, 317, 325
International Petroleum Company (IPC). See Oil expropriations and U.S. economic assistance under Peru. International Telegraph and Telephone Company (ITT), 256, 278, 470, 489 Intriago Arrata, Jose Federico, 51 Iribarren Borges, Ignacio, 20, 50, 55, 523, 524, 540, 541, 542, 544 Iribarren Borges, Julio, 50, 539 Irwin, John N., II, 426, 427, 428, 432, 433, 435
Jackson, Andrew, 382 Jagan, Cheddi B., 523, 524 Jair, Gen. Warmin, 186, 201 Jamaica, 34 Jaramillo Giraldo, Jose, 320 Javits, Jacob K., 142, 144 Jenkins, Walter W., 17, 377 Jessup, Peter, 158, 161, 166, 246, 257, 262, 267, 421 Johnson, Gen. Harold K., 65, 500 Johnson, Lyndon B., 75, 117, 132
Alliance for Progress, 2, 10, 13, 18, 21, 37, 40, 67, 68, 119
Central American visit, 111, 112 Counterinsurgency program, 61, 63 Economic program, 41, 42, 44, 45, 48, 49, 51, 62, 69, 71 Fourth Anniversary celebration of, 30 Funding for, 15 Military program, 11 Presidents meeting in 1965, proposed, 26 Press coverage, 2, 10, 12, 49 Public relations efforts, 31, 43 Rusk visit to Latin American visit, 33 Vaughn appointment as U.S. Ambassador, 409, 410
Argentina, 16, 125, 130, 133, 135, 139, 140, 141, 145 Bolivia, 2, 157, 160, 161, 163, 164, 166, 167, 168, 171, 173, 177, 178, 179, 180
Meetings with Barrientos, 162, 176 U.S. recognition of Barrientos government, 152
Brazil, 16, 217, 220
Castello selection as President, 212 Costa e Silva government, U.S. assessments of, 233 Meeting with Costa e Silva, 228 Military dictatorship, 244 Political crisis of 1964, 187, 189, 193, 199, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208 U.S. economic/development assistance, 208, 224, 227, 229, 232, 234 U.S. military/security assistance, 230, 231 Vietnam war, Brazilian troops for, 225
British Guiana, 536 Central American visit, 111, 112 Chile, 252, 280
Copper price problem, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 295 Cuba, break in relations with, 265 Dominican crisis, 278 Dungan appointment as Ambassador, 271 Frei conflicts within Christian Democratic Party, 296, 298, 299 Invitation for Frei to visit United States, 290 Meeting with Frei, 292 Presidential election of 1964, 16, 253, 256, 257, 261, 267, 269 U.S. economic/development assistance, 256, 278, 289, 295, 307, 308, 309
Colombia:
Congressional elections of 1966, 318 Political/economic crisis, U.S. efforts to deal with, 312, 314, 315, 317, 321 U.S. economic/development assistance, 317, 321, 322
Communism in Latin America:
Guerrilla problem in various countries, 59, 60, 61 U.S. counterinsurgency program, 61, 63 U.S.-Soviet discussions re, 60
Costa Rica, 73, 110 Cuba:
Cuban arms cache in Venezuela, OAS resolution on, 8, 9, 14, 16, 19, 21, 22 Cuban infiltration of Venezuela, OAS action on, 50, 53, 55, 57, 59, 60, 64
Dominican Republic, 16, 30, 278 Ecuador:
Appointment of new U.S. Ambassador, 343, 344 IDB loan, 342 Meeting with Arosemena, 51 Political crisis of 1966, 327, 328 Rapprochement with United States, 343 Recall of U.S. Ambassador, 337, 338 U.S. economic/development assistance, 329, 332, 333, 334
Guatemala, 84, 87, 88, 99 Image in Latin America, 43 Mann appointment as Assistant Secretary of State, 1, 10 Mexico, 2, 356, 358
Border restrictions, 359, 361 Freeman appointment as U.S. Ambassador, 345 Meetings with Diaz Ordaz, 352, 356, 360, 366 Meeting with López Mateos, 346 Migrant workers in United States, 346, 352 Presidential election of 1964, 16, 347 Salinity problem of river water from United States, 346, 348, 350, 352, 353, 355 Student disturbances of 1968, 365, 366 Trade relations with United States, 352, 356, 357
Nicaragua, 92, 96 Organization of American States, 39
Cuban arms cache in Venezuela, OAS resolution on, 8, 9, 14, 16, 19, 21, 22 Cuban infiltration of Venezuela, OAS action on, 50, 53, 55, 57, 59, 60, 64 Rio Conference of 1965, 34 Summit meeting of 1967, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52
Panama, 2, 384
Anti-American demonstrations, 420, 422 Communist subversion, 369, 371, 377, 382, 396 Coup of 1968, 443, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452 Coup threat in 1964, 377, 396 Discussions with Russell, 369, 373, 382, 383, 391, 396, 401 Economic situation, 441 Flag issue, 373, 374 Inter-American Peace Committee involvement in Panamanian-U.S. conflict, 371 Meetings with Chiari, 370, 410 Meetings with Robles, 434, 435 Mansfield views on U.S. policy, 385 OAS action on Panamanian-U.S. conflict, 386, 393, 399, 401, 405 Presidential election of 1964, 415 Presidential election of 1968, 443, 445 Rioting of 1964, 368, 369, 370, 377, 387 Robles' impeachment, 443, 444, 445 U.S. economic/development assistance, 382, 431, 432, 433 U.S. interdepartmental organization for Panamanian affairs, 414 U.S. military intervention, planning for, 381 U.S. military/security assistance, 457, 458 U.S.-Panamanian relations, breaking and resumption of, 383, 396, 400, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 410 U.S. policy toward Arias following coup, 456 U.S. program to improve relations with Panama, 417, 419, 420, 421 U.S. recognition of military junta, 451, 452, 455
Panama Canal treaty negotiations, 16
Agreement on treaty terms, 439 Anderson appointment as U.S. representative, 408, 409, 410 Congressional involvement, 409, 425, 427, 428, 429 Delays in signing of treaties, 440, 441, 442 Discussions with Robles re, 434, 435 Joint management issue, 426, 427 Mexican position, 346 New treaty for existing canal, 421 Process of reaching agreement to initiate negotiations, 370, 371, 373, 374, 375, 377, 378, 379, 382, 383, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 396, 397, 399, 400, 401, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 410 Public statement on U.S. policy re negotiations, 401 Renegotiation of agreed terms, 441, 442 Sea-level canal issue, 378, 419, 420 Status reports on, 428, 433, 437, 438 U.S. contingency planning for failure of negotiations, 432, 433 U.S. policy development for, 421, 423, 425, 431
Paraguay, 469 Peru, 470
Attitude toward Belaunde, 499 Communications with Belaunde, 475, 477 Coup of 1968, 497, 499, 507, 509, 510, 511, 515 Military aircraft purchases and U.S. economic assistance, 488, 489, 490, 492, 494, 495, 497, 498, 499, 500 Oil expropriations and U.S. economic assistance, 16, 475, 476, 477, 478, 479, 480, 481, 483, 484, 486, 487, 488, 489, 500, 504, 515 U.S. economic/development assistance, 508 U.S. recognition of military junta, 509, 511, 515, 518, 519, 520
Sayre appointment to NSC staff, 17 Uruguay, 16, 459, 466, 468 Vaughn appointment as Assistant Secretary of State, 27 Venezuela:
British Guiana border dispute, 536 Communications with Leoni, 525, 543 Cuban arms cache in Venezuela, OAS resolution on, 8, 9, 14, 16, 19, 21, 22 Cuban infiltration of Venezuela, OAS action on, 50, 53, 55, 57, 59, 60, 64 Meeting with Barrios, 535, 536 Meeting with Leoni, 50, 540, 541 Oil exports to United States, 525, 526, 527, 530, 532, 534, 536, 540, 543 Presidential election of 1968, 548 U.S. military/security assistance, 61, 541
Johnson, U. Alexis, 3, 4, 5, 188, 193, 196, 201, 202, 203, 205, 207, 222, 250, 257 Johnson, W. Thomas, 42, 69, 490, 519 Johnston, James D., 285, 472 Johnston, James R., 91 Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), 25, 29, 65, 192, 196, 198, 206, 381, 471
Panama Canal treaty negotiations, 394, 420, 421, 437
Jones, J. Wesley, 33, 311, 478
Peru:
Constitutional government, proposed return to, 516 Coup of 1968, 499, 501, 507, 510, 516, 521 Military aircraft purchases and U.S. economic assistance, 485, 491, 493, 495, 496, 499, 500, 501, 502 Oil expropriations and U.S. economic assistance, 470, 472, 474, 475, 477, 479, 480, 486, 491, 501, 514, 516, 517 U.S. economic/development assistance, 505, 508 U.S. recognition of military junta, 512, 513, 514, 516, 517
Jones, James R., 59, 63, 234, 332, 359, 484 Jorden, William J., 399 Jova, Joseph John, 74, 104, 107, 108, 117, 118, 251, 252, 254, 255, 260, 263, 272, 276 Jurema, Abelardo, 205
Kampelman, Max, 79 Karamessines, Thomas H., 171, 172, 304 Katzenbach, Nicholas deB., 65, 66, 67, 71, 103, 105, 109, 110, 144, 300, 302, 339, 364, 469, 494, 500, 502, 508, 512, 544 Kaunda, Kenneth, 285 Kemper, James S., 338 Kendall, Brig. Gen. M.W., 449 Kennecott Company, 278, 282, 285, 288 Kennedy, Jacqueline, 183 Kennedy, John F., 3, 73, 208, 346, 369, 370, 372, 376, 465, 528 Kennedy, Robert F., 37, 94, 162, 208, 469, 479, 480
Latin American visit, 31, 32, 33 U.S. counterinsurgency program in Latin America, 3
Kent, Sherman, 441 Khrushchev, Nikita S., 16 Kilday, Lowell C., 341 Killoran, Thomas F., 98, 113, 117 King, Col. J. C., 148, 187, 188, 191, 202, 203, 206, 245, 248, 252, 255, 256, 257, 377 King, Thelma, 376 Kitchen, Jeffrey C., 196 Klein, Dave, 17 Klutznick, Philip, 433 Knoche, Enno Henry, 245 Knowlton, Winthrop, 48 Kohler, Foy D., 56, 58, 174, 294, 324 Komer, Robert W., 28, 87, 88, 318, 477, 479, 480 Koren, Henry L.T., 35 Korp, Ralph, 215 Korry, Edward M., 296, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 309 Kosygin, Alexei N., 60 Krebs, Max V., 114, 116 Krieg, William L., 128, 134, 141, 142 Krieger, Daniel, 240 Kruel, Gen. Amaury, 186, 192, 201, 203, 211, 214 Kubisch, Jack B., 185, 191, 214, 215, 222, 223, 237, 239, 241 Kubitschek, Juscelino, 16, 182, 184, 185, 187, 197, 201, 211, 214, 215, 219, 220, 221 Kurzman, Dan, 2, 480
Labor organizations, 24 Lacerda, Carlos, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 200, 201, 209, 214, 215, 219, 220, 221, 223, 233 Lagarrigue, Javier, 283, 286, 287 Lang, William E., 65, 109, 142, 166, 302, 457, 495 Larrea, Gustavo, 343, 344 Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA), 62 Latin American Solidarity Organization (LASO), 63, 296 Laugerud Garcia, Col. Kjell, 101 Lausche, Frank, 433 Lavendero, Jorge, 297 Leber, Maj. Gen. Walter P., 449, 452 Leandro Mora, Reinaldo, 538, 544, 547 Lechin Oquendo, Juan, 147, 148, 149, 154, 158 Leddy, John M., 76, 78 Leitao da Cunha, Vasco, 34, 217, 228, 229, 231 Leonhardy, Terrence G., 76 Leoni Otero, Raœl, 20, 32, 296, 310, 314
Venezuela, 531, 536
Communist subversion, 522, 525, 538, 539, 545, 547 Cuban fishing vessel, seizure of, 545, 546, 547 Cuban infiltration of Venezuela, OAS action on, 50, 55, 59, 64 Johnson communications with Leoni, 525, 543 Johnson meeting with Barrios, 535 Johnson meeting with Leoni, 50, 540, 541 Oil exports to United States, 525, 526, 528, 530, 537, 540, 543 Oliver, visit to, 68 Political situation, 522, 530 Rusk meeting with Leoni, 33, 528 University crisis of 1967, 538 U.S. military/security assistance, 61, 525, 539, 541, 547
Lewis, Samuel W., 308, 448, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 509, 511, 520 Lilienthal, David, 40 Lima, Francisco R., 13 Linder, Harold F., 79, 126, 215, 275 Linowitz, Sol M., 42, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 56, 58, 292, 434, 483, 543 Little, Edward S., 200 Lizano, Eduardo, 73 Lleras, Alberto, 314 Lleras Restropo, Carlos, 108, 310, 314
Colombia:
Communist subversion, 59, 61, 316, 323 Oliver, visit to, 68 Presidential election 1966, 318, 320 U.S. covert political action program, 319 U.S. economic/development assistance, 322, 325
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 498 Lombardo Toledano, Vicente, 16 Long, Clarence D., 66, 495 Lopes, Lucas, 214 López Arellano, Gen. Oswaldo, 72, 74, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 111, 118 López Mateos, Alfonso, 10, 346, 350, 356 Lord, Peter P., 320 Lorscheider, Aluisio, 240 Lott, Henrique Batista Duffles Teixeira, 221 Lowenfeld, Andreas F., 122, 132 Lowry, W. McNeil, 221 Lubke, Heinrich, 502 Luevano, Daniel M., 345 Luisi, Hector, 467 Lunn, Harry H., Jr., 274 Lyon, S. C., 228
Macedo Soares e Silva, Edmundo, 228 Machado, Gen. Bina, 240 MacKenna, Lucho, 303 Macomber, William B., Jr., 49 Maechling, Charles, Jr., 28 Magalhaes Kelly, Juracy, 214, 219, 220, 221 Magalhaes Pinto, José de, 182, 187, 192, 197, 230, 233, 238 Magnet, Alejandro, 292 Mahon, George H., 543 Mailliard, William S., 21, 48, 520 Manatos, Mike N., 49, 508 Mann, Thomas C., 21, 47, 49, 67, 75, 126, 214
Alliance for Progress, 2, 10, 13, 15, 18, 26, 37 Appointment as Assistant Secretary of State, 1, 10
Press coverage, 2, 10, 12 Public relations efforts, 31
Argentina, 16, 121, 122, 123 Bolivia, 2, 157
Coup of 1964, 151 U.S. covert political action program, 148, 153 U.S. recognition of Barrientos government, 152
Brazil, 2, 16, 185, 215
Political crisis of 1964, 181, 182, 187, 191, 193, 196, 197, 199, 200 U.S. economic/development assistance, 216
British Guiana, 524 Chile, 275
"Camelot" military research project, 280 Congressional elections of 1965, 273 Copper price problem, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288 Dominican crisis, 278, 281 Dungan appointment as Ambassador, 271 Frei government, U.S. policy toward, 266, 272 Presidential election of 1964, 16, 245, 247, 248, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255, 257, 260, 261, 268 U.S. covert political action program, 245, 247, 248, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255, 257, 273 U.S. economic/development assistance, 274, 275, 276, 278, 281
Colombia, 313
Political/economic crisis, U.S. efforts to deal with, 310, 311, 312, 314, 317 U.S. covert political action program, 319
Costa Rica, 16, 73 Cuba, 3, 7, 8, 9, 16, 20 Dominican Republic, 16, 278, 281 Haiti, 462 Honduras, 72, 74
Presidential election of 1964, 16, 347, 349 Salinity problem of river water from United States, 348, 350, 353 Trade relations with United States, 357
Mexico, 2, 345, 352 OAS resolution on Cuban arms cache in Venezuela, 3, 7, 8, 9, 16, 20 Panama, 2, 384
Anti-American demonstrations, 422 Chiari, downfall of, U.S. planning for, 386, 388 Communist subversion, 372, 375, 377, 395 Coup threat in 1964, 377 Flag issue, 372, 374, 375 Inter-American Peace Committee involvement in Panamanian-U.S. conflict, 375, 378 OAS action on Panamanian-U.S. conflict, 386, 388, 392 Rio Hato base evacuation by United States, 376 Rioting of 1964, 368, 369, 370, 372, 375, 377, 395 U.S. military intervention, planning for, 381 U.S.-Panamanian relations, breaking and resumption of, 372, 375, 376, 383, 395, 403, 406 U.S. policy toward Arias following coup, 453 U.S. program to improve relations with Panama, 419, 422
Panama Canal treaty negotiations, 16
Anderson appointment as U.S. representative, 408 Chiari miscalculations in dealing with United States, 386, 395 Congressional involvement, 429 Johnson public statement on U.S. policy re negotiations, 401 Process of reaching agreement to initiate negotiations, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 380, 383, 391, 392, 395, 396, 397, 399, 401, 403, 404, 406 Sea-level canal issue, 377, 378, 419, 421, 424 U.S. policy development for, 421, 425
Peru, 16, 470, 472, 475, 478, 479, 486 Sayre appointment to NSC staff, 17 Uruguay, 16
Coup threat, 459, 463 Political reform, U.S. encouragement of, 460, 461, 463
Vaughn appointment as Assistant Secretary of State, 27 Venezuela:
British Guiana border dispute, 524 Cuban arms cache in Venezuela, OAS resolution on, 3, 7, 8, 9, 16, 20 Johnson meeting with Barrios, 535, 536 Oil exports to United States, 526, 527, 529, 532, 534
Manning, Robert J., 2 Mansfield, Mike, 42, 48, 49, 371, 383, 385, 409, 429 Mantilla, Manuel, 547 Mantilla Ortega, Carlos, 333, 334, 338, 341 Manzoli, Mary K., 312 Marambio, Gen. Tulio, 305 Marcy, Carl, 144 Margain, Hugo B., 357 Margolies, Daniel F., 20, 524, 526 Marinho, Gilberto, 240 Mariz, Dinarte, 240 Marks, Leonard H., 43, 69 Martin, Edwin M., 1, 65, 122, 123, 126, 127, 128, 129, 132, 143, 144, 148, 245, 252, 302, 368, 375, 377, 378, 379, 380, 388 Martinez, Maj. Boris, 448, 449 Martinez Paz, Enrique, 141 Matthews, Herbert L., 2 Mattox, Henry E., 149 Mayobre, José Antonio, 540, 542 Mazzilli, Pascoal, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 209 McCarthy, Eugene, 39, 280 McCausland, Nicholas V., 149, 471 McClellan, Andrew, 117 McCloy, John J., 183, 210 McCone, John A., 1, 3, 23, 187, 191, 196, 197, 202, 206, 208, 210
Chilean Presidential election of 1964, 245, 252, 256, 257, 267, 269 Counterinsurgency program in Latin America, 28 Panama, 368, 374, 377, 387, 407, 409, 421, 423 Vaughn appointment as Assistant Secretary of State, 27
McCormack, Richard L., 103 McDougal, Myres S., 7 McGee, Gale, 433 McGiffert, 302 McNamara, Robert S., 11, 69, 96, 121, 157, 171, 172, 187, 191, 193, 196, 197, 357
Argentina, 125 Brazil, 199, 202, 206, 230 Chile, 280, 284, 286, 287, 288 Military program in Latin America, 25, 29 Panama, 367, 368, 371, 373, 374, 377, 378, 381, 394, 396, 414
U.S. program to improve relations with Panama, 417, 419
Panama Canal treaty negotiations, 421, 423, 437 Peru, 485, 488, 490, 494
McNaughton, John T., 29, 187, 191, 196, 203 McPherson, Harry C., Jr., 369, 469 Meehan, Francis, 492 Meeker, Leonard C., 76, 78, 103, 113, 121, 420, 421, 546 Mein, John Gordon, 84, 85, 86, 88, 98, 99, 100, 102, 109, 113, 114, 115, 184, 201, 203 Mejía, Gabriel, 118 Melgar, Maj. Juan, 72 Melo, Gen. Francisco de Assis Correia de, 203, 211 Méndez Montenegro, Julio, 61, 75, 87, 88, 89, 98, 99, 109, 111, 113, 115, 120 Meneghetti, Ildo, 182, 187, 205 Mercado Jarrin, Gen. Edgardo, 514, 516, 517, 521 Mexico, 2, 502
Alliance for Progress, 346 Border restrictions, 361 British Honduras dispute, 76, 78 Chamizal land transfer, 346, 358, 360 Common market for Latin America, 62 Communism concerns, 346, 365 Cuban arms cache in Venezuela, OAS resolution on, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 Cuban infiltration of Venezuela, OAS action on, 64 Cultural exchanges with United States, 356, 358 Economic situation, 356, 366 Freeman appointment as U.S. Ambassador, 345 Guatemalan Communist problem and, 100 Gulf of California nuclear desalinization plant, 358 Johnson meetings with Díaz Ordaz, 352, 356, 360, 366 Johnson meeting with López Mateos, 346 Living standards in border communities, 358 Migrant workers in United States, 346, 352 Panama Canal treaty negotiations, 346 Presidential election of 1964, 16, 347, 349 Salinity problem of river water from United States, 346, 348, 350, 352, 353, 354, 355, 358 Student disturbances of 1968, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366 Trade relations with United States, 352, 356, 357, 358
Meyer, Cord, 248 Michelini, Zelmar, 461 Midence, Ricardo, 117, 118 Mills, Hawthorne Q., 156, 346 Minotto, James, 201, 447 Miranda, Col., 209 Molina Silva, Sergio, 270, 274, 275, 276 Moniz de Aragao, Augusto César, 192 Monroe, Lt. Comdr. Ernest, 99 Montagne Sanchez, Gen. Ernesto, 516, 521 Montiel, Gen., 90 Moody, C. G., Jr., 28 Moraes Rego, Maj., 192 Morales, 90 Morales, Morgan, 372, 375 Mora Otera, José A., 21 Morean Soto, Gen. Roberto, 538 Moreira Alves, Marcio, 236, 238 Moreno, Miguel J., Jr., 383, 384, 395, 398, 402, 404, 405, 407 Moreno Sanchez, Manuel, 348 Morgan, Thomas E., 31 Morris, Patrick F., 159, 162, 300, 301, 305 Morse, Wayne L., 10, 21, 31, 37, 39, 49, 141, 144, 208, 407, 409, 462, 508 Moscoso, Teodoro, 1, 12, 13, 470, 478 Mota, Silvio, 191 Moura, Lt. Col. Arthur S., 375 Moura Andrade, Auro de, 204, 205 Mourao Filho, Gen., 195 Moyers, Bill D., 133, 140, 202, 268, 318, 321, 327, 328, 357, 358, 368, 377, 403, 433 Murphy, Charles S., 16, 123
National Intelligence Estimates (see also Special National Intelligence Estimates), 218, 316, 522, 531
NIE 80/90-64, 24 NIE 80/90-66, 38 NIE 80/90-68, 70 NIE 82-66, 89 NIE 91-65, 124 NIE 91-67, 146 NIE 92-67, 169 NIE 93-66, 226 NIE 93-68, 235 NIE 94-63, 246
National Security Action Memoranda:
No. 296, 414 No. 297, 11 No. 323, 423 No. 371, 119
National Security Council (NSC) meetings 9, 23, 69, 206, 208, 407, 409 Negrao de Lima, Francisco, 221, 223 Neiva Moreira, 209 Newberg, Dick, 215 New York Times, 2, 10, 12, 49, 156, 188, 221, 387, 479, 494, 512 Nicaragua:
Communist subversion, 63 Cuban arms cache in Venezuela, OAS resolution on, 20 Hotel siege, 92, 93, 94, 96 Johnson meeting with Somoza, 96 "Political Prospects in Nicaragua" report, 97 Presidential election of 1967, 90, 91, 92, 95 Sea-level canal issue, 377, 421, 423, 424, 428 U.S. policy toward Somoza administration, 95, 96
Nitze, Paul H., 65, 69, 494, 498, 500 Nivens, Lois, 519 Nixon, Richard M., 49 Noland, 193
Obregon, Roberto, 100 O'Brien, Lawrence F., 2, 13, 427 Oduber Quirós, Daniel, 73, 79, 80, 81 Oechsli, L. Paul, 333 O'Leary, Jerry, 101, 500 Oliver, Covey T., 18, 31, 37, 56, 64, 69, 166, 168
Alliance for Progress, 67
Central American Export Development Program, 119 Counterinsurgency program, 61, 63 Economic program, 62, 69 Military program, 65
Appointment as Assistant Secretary of State, 43 Bolivia, 68, 171, 172, 174, 175, 176 Brazil, 229, 231, 232, 239
Costa e Silva government, U.S. assessments of, 233 U.S. economic/development assistance, 234
British Honduras, 103, 113 Chile, 295, 302, 306, 307, 309
Communists' alliance with Christian Democrats, 300 Coup threat, 305
Colombia, 324
Political/economic crisis, U.S. efforts to deal with, 310, 313, 314, 317 U.S. covert political action program, 319 Visit to, 68
Ecuador, 335
Appointment of new U.S. Ambassador, 341, 344 Rapprochement with United States, 343, 344 Recall of U.S. Ambassador, 338, 339 U.S. economic/development assistance, 333, 334, 339
Guatemala, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 109 Honduras, 104, 108, 117, 118 Latin American visit, 68, 69 Mexico, 362, 363, 364 Panama, 444, 448, 450, 451, 452, 456, 457 Peru, 503
Coup of 1968, 497, 506, 507, 511 Military aircraft purchases and U.S. economic assistance, 485, 493, 494, 495, 497, 498, 499, 500, 502 Oil expropriations and U.S. economic assistance, 484, 486, 487, 488, 502, 506, 516, 517 U.S. recognition of military junta, 512, 513 Visit to, 68, 69
Uruguay, 466, 467 Venezuela, 68, 543, 544, 546
O'Meara, Gen. Andrew P., 187, 191, 193, 196, 199, 202, 367, 369, 372, 375, 377, 382, 396 Onganía, Lt. Gen. Juan Carlos, 127, 128, 129, 131, 134, 141, 143, 145, 146, 465 Ordonez Monteagudo, Carlos Francisco, 115 Organization of American States (OAS), 160
Charter amendments, 34, 39, 46 Cuban arms cache in Venezuela, OAS resolution on, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 14, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 Cuban infiltration of Venezuela, OAS action on, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 64 Dominican crisis, 217, 278 Panamanian coup of 1968, 451, 452 Panamanian Presidential election of 1968, 443 Panamanian-U.S. conflict, action on (see also Inter-American Peace Committee), 384, 386, 388, 390, 392, 393, 399, 401, 405, 406 Rio Conference of 1965, 32, 34 Summit meeting of 1967, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52
Organization of Central American States (ODECA), 111 Orlich Bolmarchich, Francisco, 73, 392 Ortega, Salvador, 114 Orwat, Gen., 65, 109, 302 Osorio, Gen. Oromar, 201 Ovando Candia, Gen. Alfredo, 151, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 166
Pacheco Areco, Jorge, 468 Pagliai, Bruno, 365 Palmer, Gen. Bruce, 465 Palmer, Donald K., 62, 313, 495 Palza, Galo, 327, 340 Panama (see also Panama Canal treaty negotiations), 2, 18
Anti-American demonstrations (see also Rioting of 1964 below), 420, 421, 422 Canal, strategic importance of for U.S., 394 Chiari, downfall of, U.S. planning for, 386, 388 Communist subversion, 368, 369, 371, 372, 375, 376, 377, 382, 395, 396, 398, 421, 430 Coup of 1968, 443, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 454 Coup threat in 1964, 377, 396, 398 Coup threat in 1966, 430 Cuban arms cache in Venezuela, OAS resolution on, 20 Economic situation, 441 Flag issue, 367, 372, 373, 374, 375, 417 Inter-American Peace Committee involvement in Panamanian-U.S. conflict, 368, 371, 375, 377, 378, 379, 383, 384 Johnson discussions with Chiari, 370, 410 Johnson discussions with Russell, 369, 373, 382, 383, 391, 396, 401 Johnson meeting with Robles, 434, 435 Mansfield views on U.S. policy, 385 OAS action on Panamanian-U.S. conflict, 384, 386, 388, 390, 392, 393, 399, 401, 405, 406 Presidential election of 1964, 398, 415, 416 Presidential election of 1968, 436, 442, 443, 445, 446, 447 Rio Hato base evacuation by United States, 376 Rioting of 1964, 367, 368, 369, 370, 372, 375, 377, 387, 395 Robles government, U.S. relations with, 416, 418 Robles, impeachment of, 443, 444, 445 U.S. economic/development assistance, 382, 431, 432, 433 U.S. interdepartmental organization for Panamanian affairs, 414 U.S. military intervention, planning for, 381 U.S. military/security assistance, 457, 458 U.S.-Panamanian relations, breaking and resumption of, 371, 372, 375, 376, 379, 383, 395, 396, 399, 400, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 410 U.S. policy toward Arias following coup, 453, 456 U.S. program to improve relations with Panama, 417, 419, 420, 421, 422 U.S. recognition of military junta, 451, 452, 454, 455 Vaughn appointment as U.S. Ambassador, 409, 410
Panama Canal treaty negotiations, 16
Agreement on treaty terms, 439 Anderson appointment as U.S. representative, 408, 409, 410 Base rights issue, 420, 423, 428, 439 Chiari miscalculations in dealing with United States, 386, 395 Congressional involvement, 409, 425, 427, 428, 429, 433 Delays in signing of treaties, 440, 441, 442 JCS position, 394 Johnson discussions with Robles re, 434, 435 Johnson public statement on U.S. policy re negotiations, 401 Joint management issue, 426, 427, 428 Mexican position, 346 New treaty for existing canal, 420, 421, 423, 428, 437, 439 Panamanian issues of concern, 384 Process of reaching agreement to initiate negotiations, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 382, 383, 384, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 395, 396, 397, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 410 Renegotiation of agreed terms, 441, 442, 454 Sea-level canal issue, 377, 378, 394, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 423, 424, 428, 437, 439 Status reports on, 421, 428, 433, 437, 438 U.S. contingency planning for failure of negotiations, 432, 433 U.S. policy development for, 421, 423, 425, 431 Vaughn views on, 418
Panama Review Committee, 414 Panama Review Group, 414, 415, 435 Pan American Sulphur Company, 345, 356, 534 Paraguay, 20, 28, 62
U.S. economic and military assistance, 462, 465, 469
Parker, Col. David, 367 Parkinson, Charles Jay, 284 Passarinho, Jarbas, 221 Passman, Otto E., 15 Pastor de la Torre, Celso, 470, 472, 478 Paz Estenssoro, Victor, 2, 10, 22, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 465 Peace Committee. See Inter-American Peace Committee. Peace Corps, 37, 328 Penna Marinho, Ilmar, 217 Peralta Azurdia, Col. Enrique, 75, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88 Peredo, Roberto, 59 Pereira dos Santos, Maj. Gen. Adalberto, 192 Pérez Alfonso, Juan Pablo, 528 Pérez de Cuellar, Javier, 514, 516, 517 Pérez de la Cova, Carlos, 533 Pérez Guerrero, Manuel, 525, 527, 528, 529, 533, 535, 536 Pérez Jiménez, Gen. Marcos, 522 Pérez Zujovic, Edmundo, 303 Peru, 32, 162
Chile, relations with, 502 Common market for Latin America, 62 Communist subversion, 28, 59, 61, 471 Constitutional government, proposed return to, 516 Copper exports, 288 Coup of 1968, 497, 499, 501, 506, 507, 509, 510, 511, 515, 516, 521 Cuban arms cache in Venezuela, OAS resolution on, 20, 22 Elections of 1967, 500, 501 Johnson attitude toward Belaúnde, 499 Johnson communications with Belaúnde, 475, 477 Kennedy visit to, 33 Land reform, 473 Military aircraft purchases and U.S. economic assistance, 485, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502 Oil expropriations and U.S. economic assistance, 16, 33, 470, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478, 479, 480, 481, 483, 484, 486, 487, 488, 489, 491, 500, 501, 502, 504, 506, 513, 514, 515, 516, 517 Oliver visit to, 68, 69 Political crisis of 1967, 493 Special Police Emergency Unit, 471 Tuna conflict with United States, 483 U.S. economic/development assistance (see also Military aircraft purchases and U.S. economic assistance above; Oil expropriations and U.S. economic assistance above), 505, 508 U.S. military/security assistance (see also Military aircraft purchases and U.S. economic assistance above), 65, 66, 471 U.S. recognition of military junta, 509, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 518, 519, 520
Petersen, Lawrence L., 546 Phelps Dodge company, 282 Phillips, Richard I., 10 Phillips, Robert M., 334, 340 Pico Mantilla, Galo, 51 Pinera, José, 274, 275 Pinheiro, Israel, 221, 223 Pinilla Fabrega, Col. José, 448 Pistarini, Gen. Pascual Angel, 127, 128, 131, 134 Plaza, Galo, 451 Poats, Rutherford M., 109, 500 Ponciano, Col. Miguel Angel, 84, 85, 87, 101 Poole, Richard A., 512 Porras, Hernan, 435 Portela de Melo, Jaime, 237, 240 Porter, Gen. Robert W., Jr., 65, 101, 443, 452, 496 Prado, Julio, 340, 343 Prat, Jorge, 250 Prestes, Luis Carlos, 183, 214, 221 Pringle, Sandy M., 142 Proper, Datus C., 237 Pryce, William T., 255, 272 Puerto Rico, 530, 532, 540 Pugliese, Juan C., 123, 127, 129 Punta del Este Conference. See Summit meeting of 1967 under Organization of American States. Purcell, Graham, 520
Quesada Zapiola, Carlos A., 143 Quintanilla, 502 Quintero, Col. Abel, 456 Quirós Sasso, Mario, 73
Rabanal, Rubén, 138 Rademaker Grunewald, Augusto Hamann, 211 Ramirez, Roberto, 108 Randolph, Virgil B., 524 Ray, Manolo, 73 Raymont, Henry, 2 Read, Benjamin H., 26, 149, 155, 156, 157, 314, 355, 457, 481, 487, 519 Reed, Lear, 455 Reedy, George E., 21, 193, 202, 345, 409 Reid Cabral, Donald, 21 Reis, Herbert K., 76 Reis, Gen. Newton, 240 Resor, Stanley R., 432, 437 Reston, James B., 49 Reuss, Henry S., 48 Reuther, Walter, 81 Reynaga Gordillo, Aniceto, 172 Reynaldo, Gen., 240 Rhodesia, 284, 285, 288 Richardson, Ralph W., 248 Richardson, Richard, 175 Rielly, John, 79 Rimestad, Idar, 339 Ritchie, Edgar, 543 Rivas, 94 Rivers, Mendel, 429 Roberts, Juanita, 475 Robinson, John P., 254, 274, 276 Robles Méndez, Marco:
Panama:
Anti-American demonstrations, 422 Coup threat in 1964, 377 Coup threat in 1966, 430 Johnson meeting with Robles, 434, 435 Presidential election of 1964, 398, 415, 416 Presidential election of 1968, 443, 445 Robles government, U.S. relations with, 416, 418 Robles, impeachment of, 443, 444, 445 U.S. economic/development assistance, 433
Panama Canal treaty negotiations:
Agreement on treaty terms, 439 Delays in signing of treaties, 440, 441, 442 Johnson discussions with Robles re, 434, 435 Sea-level canal issue, 418, 424
Rockefeller, David, 49, 253, 257 Rodríguez Adame, 356 Rogers, William D., 18, 215, 266, 274 Rogers, William P., 309 Rojas Pinilla, Gen. Gustavo, 319, 320 Romero Loza, José, 175 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 384 Rostow, Walt W., 15, 39, 50, 68, 69, 112, 119, 132, 145, 165, 292
Alliance for Progress, 13, 40, 61, 63, 67
Economic program, 41, 42, 44, 45, 48, 62, 71 Military program, 25, 65, 67 Public relations efforts, 31
Argentina, 130, 133, 135, 139, 140 Bolivia, 160, 161, 166, 175, 176, 179, 180 Guevara, capture and execution of, 163, 164, 167, 168, 171, 172, 173 Brazil:
Costa e Silva government, U.S. assessments of, 229, 233 U.S. economic/development assistance, 216, 227, 229, 232, 234, 244 U.S. military/security assistance, 230, 231
Chile:
Copper price problem, 289, 295 Frei conflicts within Christian Democratic Party, 296, 297, 298, 299 U.S. economic/development assistance, 289, 295, 307, 308, 309
Colombia, 321, 322, 325 Communism in Latin America, 59, 61 Costa Rica, 110 Cuban infiltration of Venezuela, OAS action on, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 64 Ecuador, 335, 342, 343
Recall of U.S. Ambassador, 337, 338 U.S. economic/development assistance, 329, 332, 333
Mexico, 356, 358, 359
Border restrictions, 361 Student disturbances of 1968, 365 Trade relations with United States, 357
Nicaragua, 92 Organization of American States:
Cuban infiltration of Venezuela, OAS action on, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 64 Rio Conference of 1965, 34 Summit meeting of 1967, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 48
Panama, 435
Coup of 1968, 443, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 454 Economic situation, 441 Presidential election of 1968, 442, 443, 445 Robles impeachment of, 443, 444, 445 U.S. economic/development assistance, 432, 433 U.S. military/security assistance, 457, 458 U.S. policy toward Arias following coup, 456 U.S. recognition of military junta, 451, 452, 455
Panama Canal treaty negotiations, 435
Congressional involvement, 433 Delays in signing of treaties, 440, 441, 442 Renegotiation of agreed terms, 441, 442 Status reports on, 433, 437, 438 U.S. contingency planning for failure of negotiations, 432, 433
Paraguay, 469 Peru, 473
Coup of 1968, 497, 507, 509, 510, 511 Elections of 1967, 500 Military aircraft purchases and U.S. economic assistance, 488, 489, 490, 492, 494, 497, 498, 499, 500 Oil expropriations and U.S. economic assistance, 475, 476, 477, 480, 481, 483, 484, 486, 487, 488, 489, 500, 504 U.S. economic/development assistance, 508 U.S. recognition of military junta, 509, 511, 515, 518, 519, 520
Uruguay, 466, 468 Venezuela, 61, 540, 541, 543, 548
Cuban infiltration of Venezuela, OAS action on, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 64
Rowan, Carl T., 28 Rowell, Edward M., 72 Rowen, Henry, 433 Ruda, José María, 123 Ruiz Novoa, Maj. Gen. Alberto, 310, 314, 319 Ruser, Claus W., 109 Rusk, Dean, 27, 32, 69, 73, 75, 84, 86, 96, 112, 119, 252, 357
Alliance for Progress, 30
Economic program, 41, 45, 46, 48, 52 Johnson meeting with Latin American Foreign Ministers, 21 Military program, 11, 25 Press coverage of, 52 Visit to Latin American, 33
Argentina, 121, 126, 130, 134, 141, 142, 143, 144,145
Visit to, 33 U.S. trade relations with, 123
Bolivia, 168, 171, 172, 179
Coup of 1964, 151 Meeting with Barrientos, 162 U.S. recognition of Barrientos government, 152
Brazil, 217
Coffee agreement with United States, 208 Costa e Silva government, U.S. assessments of, 233 Economic situation, 224 Institutional Acts restricting civil liberties, 222, 223, 241 Meeting with Castello, 223 Military dictatorship, 237, 239, 241 Political crisis of 1964, 187, 191, 193, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 206, 207, 208 Political crisis of 1965, 219 U.S. economic/development assistance, 224, 244
British Guiana, 523, 544 British Honduras, 77, 78, 103 Chile:
Agrarian reform, 292 "Camelot" military research project, 280 Communists' alliance with Christian Democrats, 301 Coup threat, 305 Dungan appointment as Ambassador, 271 Frei government, 270, 272, 290, 305 Johnson meeting with Frei, 292 Presidential election of 1964, 20, 252, 253, 268 U.S. economic/development assistance, 275, 309
Colombia, 318
Political/economic crisis, U.S. efforts to deal with, 313, 314 Presidential election of 1966, 320
Costa Rica, 79 Cuba:
Cuban arms cache in Venezuela, OAS resolution on, 3, 5, 8, 9, 14, 20, 22, 23 Cuban infiltration of Venezuela, OAS action on, 54, 56, 58, 64 U.S. military action in response to Cuban aggression, issue of, 8, 9, 14 Venezuelan seizure of Cuban fishing vessel, 546
Ecuador:
Appointment of new U.S. Ambassador, 341 Arosemena criticism of Alliance for Progress, 330 Recall of U.S. Ambassador, 337, 338 U.S. economic/development assistance, 334
Guatemala, 77, 78, 99, 103, 115, 116 Honduras, 117 Mexico, 349, 358, 360
Salinity problem of river water from United States, 348, 354 Student disturbances of 1968, 362, 363, 366
Organization of American States:
Charter amendments, 39 Cuban arms cache in Venezuela, OAS resolution on, 3, 5, 8, 9, 14, 20, 22, 23 Cuban infiltration of Venezuela, OAS action on, 54, 56, 58, 64 Rio Conference of 1965, 34 Summit meeting of 1967, 41, 44, 45, 46, 48, 52
Panama, 374, 375, 444, 446, 447
Chiari, downfall of, U.S. planning for, 386, 388 Coup of 1968, 450 Coup threat in 1964, 377 Inter-American Peace Committee involvement in Panamanian-U.S. conflict, 371, 377 Johnson meeting with Robles, 435 OAS action on Panamanian-U.S. conflict, 384, 386, 388, 393 Rioting of 1964, 368 U.S. economic/development assistance, 431 U.S. interdepartmental organization for Panamanian affairs, 414 U.S. military/security assistance, 458 U.S.-Panamanian relations, breaking and resumption of, 371, 403, 406, 407 U.S. policy toward Arias following coup, 456 U.S. recognition of military junta, 452
Panama Canal treaty negotiations, 420, 423, 432
Agreement on treaty terms, 439 Chiari miscalculations in dealing with United States, 386 Congressional involvement, 409 Delays in signing of treaties, 440 Johnson public statement on U.S. policy renegotiations, 401 Joint management issue, 426, 427 Pre-negotiations agreement, 371, 372, 375, 377, 379, 380, 392, 393, 396, 399, 401, 403, 406, 407 Status reports on, 437 U.S. policy development for, 431
Paraguay, 465 Peru:
Coup of 1968, 497, 506, 511, 515 Military aircraft purchases and U.S. economic assistance, 485, 490, 492, 494, 495, 498 Oil expropriations and U.S. economic assistance, 473, 487, 506, 513, 515 U.S. military/security assistance, 471 U.S. recognition of military junta, 512, 513, 515, 518, 519, 520
Uruguay:
Coup threat, 459, 463 Economic and political situation, 467 Political reform, U.S. encouragement of, 463 Visit to, 33
Venezuela:
British Guiana, possible intervention in, 523 British Guiana border dispute, 544 Cuban arms cache in Venezuela, OAS resolution on, 3, 5, 8, 9, 14, 20, 22, 23 Cuban fishing vessel, seizure of, 546 Cuban infiltration of Venezuela, OAS action on, 54, 56, 58, 64 Meeting with Leoni, 33, 528 Oil exports to United States, 528, 529
Russell, Richard B., 369, 373, 382, 383, 391, 396, 401, 429
Saccio, Leonard J., 131, 132, 136, 137, 138 Saez, Raul, 286, 287, 288, 292, 299, 303 Salans, Carl F., 76, 103, 142 Salimei, Jorge, 143 Salinger, Pierre, 2, 368, 400 Saltonstall, Leverett, 409 Samudio Avila, David, 375, 443, 445, 446, 447 Sanchez, Camilo, 116 Sanchez de Lozada, Enrique, 151 Sanchez Gavito, Vicente, 2, 16, 21, 387, 388, 392, 399 Sanders, Irving L., 467 Sanders, Terry B., Jr., 448 Sandlin, Marlin E., 16, 345, 534 Sandoval, 104, 106 Sanjines-Goytia, Julio, 162, 165 Sanz de Santamaria, Carlos, 2, 13, 311, 314, 330 Sapena Pastor, Raul, 462, 465 Sarmento, Gen. Siseno, 192, 205, 237, 240 Saunders, Patricia A., 284 Sause, Oliver L., Jr., 76 Sayre, Robert M., 11, 18, 21, 22, 25, 26, 30, 32, 48, 52, 56, 58, 65, 67, 69, 75, 76, 78, 91, 99, 102, 105, 106, 107, 126, 132, 134, 141, 142, 144, 152, 155, 158, 165, 166, 214, 216, 222, 263, 291, 293, 294, 300, 306, 312, 313, 319, 330, 334, 337, 339, 350, 352, 354, 357, 419, 421, 437, 439, 440, 462, 467, 472, 485, 495, 498, 536, 540
Appointment to NSC staff, 17
Schick, René, 85 Schilling, Paulo, 182 Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., 12, 13, 27 Schnittker, John, 468 Schultze, Charles L., 44, 45, 48, 227, 232, 281, 289, 295, 317, 322, 329, 332, 466, 468, 483, 488 Schweitzer, Pierre-Paul, 325 Scranton, William, 382, 498 Sea-level canal issue. See under Panama Canal treaty negotiations. Seddon, Comdr., 448, 450, 456 Sedgwick, Charles, 80 Seeger, Pete, 362 Seidenman, Neil A., 50, 435, 473, 540, 541 Seixas Doria, Joao, 209 Selden, Armistead I., Jr., 21, 31, 48, 64, 141 Senior Interdepartmental Group (SIG), 65, 66, 109, 302, 494 Seoane, Edgardo, 470, 510 Sessions, Edson O., 344 Sevilla Sacasa, Guillermo, 108 Shankle, A. Perry, 300, 305 Sharp, Frederick D., III, 495 Shaw, Gen., 129 Sheehan, Neil, 494 Shlauderman, Harry, 455 Shriver, R. Sargent, 37 Shullaw, J. Harold, 76, 103 Shumate, John P., Jr., 506 Siles, Hernan, 149 Siracusa, Ernest V., 487, 496, 516, 517 Slater, John, 524 Sloan, Frank K., 185, 196, 205 Smathers, George, 48 Smith, Bromley K., 9, 23, 41, 69, 139, 192, 206, 208, 346, 377, 407, 409, 445, 476, 481, 519 Smith, Ian D., 284 Smith, J. F., 334 Smith, W. Y., 21 Snow, William P., 462, 465 Sola, Angel A., 127, 145 Solis, Galileo, 371, 372, 375, 376, 378, 379 Solomon, Anthony M., 18, 41, 50, 51, 56, 58, 62, 145, 196, 274, 275, 276, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 359, 486, 527, 529, 540, 541, 542, 543 Somoza, Gen. Anastasio "Tachito," 79, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 108, 111 Somoza, Luis, 94, 95 Sorensen, Theodore C., 7, 382, 389 Sosa, Yon, 75 Souto Malan, Alfredo, 192 Soviet Union, 3, 6, 9, 28, 183, 259, 264, 356
Communism in Latin America, 24, 60 Cuban infiltration of Venezuela, OAS action on, 58, 60
Sowash, William B., 78 Special Group, 245, 246, 247, 248, 250, 252, 257, 258 Special Group (CI), 28, 72, 151, 471 Special National Intelligence Estimates, 120, 213
SNIE 80/90-2-68, 66 SNIE 83.3-67, 97 SNIE 84-1-68, 454 SNIE 84-64, 398 SNIE 84-66, 430 SNIE 84-67, 436 SNIE 98-65, 464
Standard Oil of Indiana, 16 Starzel, Robert F., 101, 108 Stedman, William P., Jr., 491, 505, 506 Steins, Kenedon P., 76 Sternfeld, Ray, 67, 142 Stevenson, Adlai E., 9, 382, 389, 392, 419 Stewart, C. Allen, 4, 310 Stoessel, Walter J., Jr., 56 Stroessner, Gen. Alfredo, 10, 462, 465, 469 Suarez, Leopoldo, 121 Suarez Guzman, Gen. Hugo, 151 Sukarno, Ahmed, 221 Sullivan, Leonor K., 427, 429 Sulzberger, Arthur O., 49 Sweet, William, 230 Swett, Herbert D., 117 Symington, Stuart, 66, 495, 508 Szulc, Tad, 2, 10, 12
Taubman, Louis, 346 Tavares, Gen. Lyra, 240 Taylor, A. Thomas, 252 Taylor, Henry L., 406 Taylor, Gen. Maxwell D., 3, 4, 187, 191, 196, 199, 202
Panama, 367, 381, 394
Taylor, Adm. Rufus L., 65 Teitelboim, Volodia, 303 Teixeira, Brig. Gen. Francisco, 205 Tejera Paris, Enrique, 20, 375, 384, 536, 541, 542, 543, 544 Telles, Raymond, 73, 80, 81, 358 Temple, Larry, 508 Tennessee Gas, 16 Then, Joe, 118 Thompson, Llewellyn E., 9, 153, 158, 267, 269, 277, 279 303 Committee, 147
Bolivia, 153, 158, 161, 167, 168, 174 Chile, 262, 267, 269, 273, 277, 294, 306 Ecuador, 326
Thurston, Raymond L., 338 Time magazine, 310 Timmons, Benson E.L., 22 Tomic, Radomiro, 274, 275, 286, 287, 292, 298, 300, 301, 303 Torrijos Herrera, Lt. Col. Omar, 448, 449, 452, 454 Townsend, Andres, 501 Trejos Fernandez, José, 80, 81, 108, 110, 111 Trinidad and Tobago, 34, 52 Tristan, Fidel, 73 Trivelli, Hugo, 303 Trouyet, Carlos, 357 Trucco, Manuel, 380 Trueheart, William C., 174, 179 Truman, Harry S, 287, 406 Turkel, Harry, 358 Tuthill, John W., 37, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 238, 240, 242, 243 Tyler, William R., 523
Udall, Stewart, 350, 353, 354, 358, 526, 528, 529, 530, 534, 543 Ullos, Manuel, 506 Unger, Maj. Gen. F.T., 381 United Fruit Company, 117 United Kingdom, 284, 285
British Guiana border dispute, 524, 536 British Honduras dispute, 76, 77, 78, 103, 113 Cuba, trade restrictions re, 16 Peruvian military aircraft purchases, 492 Peruvian oil expropriations, 470, 473, 478
United Nations, 371 Uribe, Eduardo, 314 Urrutia, Col. Bolívar, 448, 449, 456 Uruguay, 16
Argentina and Brazil, relations with, 463, 464 Coup threat, 459, 463, 464 Cuban arms cache in Venezuela, OAS resolution on, 20, 21, 22, 23 Economic and political situation, 464, 467 Political reform, U.S. encouragement of, 460, 461, 463 Rusk visit, 33 U.S. economic/development assistance, 466, 468
Vaky, Viron P., 102, 113, 115, 179, 237, 239, 241, 453, 455, 457, 506, 512, 546, 547 Valdés Subercaseaux, Gabriel, 270, 275, 278, 292, 303 Valencia, Guillermo León, 311, 312, 314, 315, 316 Valenti, Jack, 381, 382, 534 Vallarino, Col. Bol’var, 367, 375, 377, 398, 443, 444, 447, 448, 449, 456 Vance, Cyrus R., 3, 4, 28, 75, 157, 158, 202, 257, 267, 421, 485, 498
Panama, 368, 369, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 381, 382, 384, 391, 396, 415
Van Reigersberg, Fernando A., 51, 123, 143 Vasquez Salas, Jorge, 473, 487 Vaughan, Jack Hood, 16, 18, 29, 31, 47, 49, 74, 75, 81, 84, 86, 154, 156, 157, 222, 271
Alliance for Progress, 27, 30, 32 British Honduras, 76 Colombia, 313, 314 Costa Rica, 79 Guatemala, 76 OAS Rio Conference of 1965, 34 Panama, 390
Anti-American demonstrations, 421, 422 Appointment as U.S. Ambassador to, 409, 410 Communist subversion, 421 Presidential election of 1964, 415, 416 Robles government, U.S. relations with, 416, 418 U.S. program to improve relations with Panama, 417, 419, 422
Panama Canal treaty negotiations, 418, 420, 427
U.S. policy development for, 421, 425
Peace Corps appointment, 37 Peru, 471, 472, 473
Velarde, Fabian, 378 Velarde, Leon, 507 Velasco Alvarado, Gen. Juan, 510, 511, 513, 514, 521 Velasco Ibarra, José María, 344 Venezuela, 16, 32, 296, 314
British Guiana, possible intervention in, 523 British Guiana border dispute, 524, 536, 544 Common market for Latin America, 62 Communist subversion (see also Cuban headings below), 20, 24, 28, 63, 70, 522, 525, 531, 538, 539, 545, 547 Coup threat, 531, 537, 538 Cuban arms cache in Venezuela, OAS resolution on, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 14, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 Cuban fishing vessel, seizure of, 545, 546, 547 Cuban infiltration of Venezuela, OAS action on, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 64 Johnson communications with Leoni, 525, 543 Johnson meeting with Barrios, 535, 536 Johnson meeting with Leoni, 50, 540, 541 Oil exports to United States, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 530, 532, 533, 534, 536, 537, 540, 542, 543 Oliver visit to, 68 Political situation, 522, 530, 537 Presidential election of 1968, 548 Rusk meeting with Leoni, 33, 528 University crisis of 1967, 538 U.S. military/security assistance, 61, 66, 525, 539, 541, 547
Vidal Zaglio, Luis, 33 Vidigal, Gastao, 205 Vietnam war, 224, 225, 465 Villeda Morales, Ram—n, 72, 107
Walker, Robert G., 272 Walters, Col. Vernon A., 181, 192, 209, 214, 217, 221, 223, 225, 239 Warner, Leland W., Jr., 105 Warnke, Paul C., 69, 498 Washington Post, 2, 188, 221, 469, 502 Watson, W. Marvin, Jr., 31, 285, 427, 486 Webber, Col. John, Jr., 99, 101, 102 Webster, Bethuel M., 78, 103, 113 Weed, Clyde E., 257 Weismann, H. Andre, 26 Welles, Ben, 335 Wessin y Wessin, Gen. Elias, 465 Wheeler, Gen. Earle G., 28, 65, 69, 206, 437, 519 White, Robert, 117, 118 Whiteman, Marjorie M., 7, 524 Wiggins, Guy A., 101, 103 Wilkowski, Jean M., 104 Williams, G. Mennen, 2 Williams, Murat W., 153, 159 Williams, William L. S., 151 Willis, James P., 80 Wilson, Donald M., 3, 4, 28, 368 Wilson, Harold, 492 Wilson, Henry H., Jr., 429 Wimert, Lt. Col. Paul, 156 Winchell, Walter, 389 Wolfe, Gregory B., 312 Woodward, Robert F., 427, 428 World Bank, 79, 110, 130, 215, 234, 309 Colombia, 313, 314, 315, 317, 325
Yarborough, Ralph, 355, 358 Yarborough, Gen. William, 129 Yerovi, Clemente, 327, 328, 329 Yohn, Michael, 363, 364 Yriart, Juan, 459, 460, 467
Zabala, José, 275 Zaldivar, Andrés, 303 Zambia, 284, 285, 288 Zavala Ortiz, Miguel, 123 Zuniga Augustinius, Ricardo, 72, 74, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 117, 118 Zwick, Charles J., 180, 234, 307, 308, 309, 508>>>
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