Abstract
The last stage of the constitutive secretory pathway is the delivery and fusion of post-Golgi transport vesicles (carriers) to the plasma membrane. However, it is still unclear where at the plasma membrane these carriers fuse, in a living cell. In this work we used total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIR-FM) to study the delivery and fusion of post-Golgi carriers, as well as of recycling vesicles from the endosomal compartment, to the cell surface in live cells. TIR-FM is suited to image fluorescent molecules near the cell-substrate interphase, since it selectively illuminates the contact surface of cells.
One aim of this work was to establish a quantitative method for the microscopic detection of single exocytic fusion events. Following the localization of fusion we answered basic, previously unresolved, questions in the field of membrane traffic.
1. Imaging fusion of single post-Golgi carriers. A TIR-FM system was optimized to image exocytosis of single post-Golgi carriers. By labeling the carriers with a GFP-tagged membrane protein (vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein, VSVG), quantitative criteria for the microscopic detection of single carrier fusion events were established for the first time. Quantitative analysis of time-lapse images could clearly distinguish fusion of the carriers from both movement of carriers relative to the plasma membrane as well as lysis of carriers. The flattening of the carriers into the plasma membrane as well as the subsequent diffusion of the membrane cargo into the plasma membrane was resolved. The duration of the flattening process was found to depend on the size of the carrier, distinguishing small spherical from large tubular carriers.
2. Role of microtubules in post-Golgi traffic of fibroblasts. The simul-taneous imaging of post-Golgi carriers and microtubules using a novel dual-color TIR-FM system showed that post-Golgi carriers are transported along microtubules to the fusion sites at the plasma membrane. The data strongly suggested that the carriers are capable of undergoing fusion while still attached to the microtubules and that the carriers do not have to reach the end of the microtubules in order to fuse. In contrast to stationary fibroblasts, migrating fibroblasts were shown to have a microtubule-mediated mechanism for polarized insertion of post-Golgi carriers (here LDL-receptor-GFP) close to the leading edge. Disrupting the microtubules restricted this directed delivery of the carriers to regions of the plasma membrane close to the Golgi complex, making the distribution of fusion sites in stationary and migrating cells indistinguishable. Disrupting the microtubules also decreased the overall fusion frequency, increased the frequency of "partial" fusions, and increased the amount of cargo delivered per fusion. We conclude that the microtubule cytoskeleton is necessary for the domain-specific delivery of post-Golgi membrane cargo in fibroblasts.
3. Role of microtubules in post-Golgi traffic of polarized epithelial cells. Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy was used to analyze the delivery of apical and basolateral membrane proteins to the cell surface in both non-polarized and polarized epithelial cells. We demonstrated that post-Golgi carriers containing either apical or basolateral membrane proteins fuse to the basal membrane in non-polarized cells. Upon polarization, exocytosis of all carriers to the basal membrane was abrogated. Basolateral carriers were seen to fuse to sites at the lateral membrane, while apical carriers presumably fused to the apical membrane. This selective targeting is concomitant with redistribution of the t-SNAREs, syntaxin 3 and 4, upon polarization. Furthermore, we showed that both the targeted exocytosis of apical proteins and the exclusive localization of syntaxin 3 at the apical plasma membrane are dependent on intact microtubules in polarized epithelial cells. In contrast, targeted exocytosis of basolateral proteins and the basolateral distribution of syntaxin 4 and sec6 are maintained independently of microtubules in polarized cells.
4. Insulin-regulated recycling of glucose transporter. We studied the insulin-regulated release of the glucose transporter (GLUT4) from the endosomal recycling compartment (ERC) in live cells. We show that GLUT4 is retained within the transferrin receptor-containing general ERC in fibroblasts. Using dual-color TIR-FM, we demonstrate that the transferrin receptor and GLUT4 are transported from the ERC in separate vesicles. This provides the first functional evidence for the formation of distinct classes of vesicles from the ERC. We propose that GLUT4 is dynamically retained within the ERC in fibroblasts because it is concentrated in vesicles that form more slowly than those that transport transferrin receptor. |
