Endnotes for Chapter X

1 Presidential News Conf, 28 Sep 71, Public Papers, Nixon, 1971, p. 356.

2 DA SO 145, par 10, 28 Jul 71, appointed Mildred Bailey brig gen as of 1 Aug 71; DA SO 158, par 11, 2 Aug 71, appointed Gen Bailey DWAC eff 1 Aug 71.

3 Gen Bailey was married for 30 years to Roy Bailey. A Marine Corps veteran, he died in an automobile accident in 1966.

4 Other staff members included executive officers LtCol Lorraine A. Rossi (1971-1973) and LtCol Elizabeth A. Berry (1973-1975); plans and policies officers LtCol Pola L. Garrett (1971-1972), LtCol Evelyn P. Foote (1972-1974), and, after the position was designated interchangeable, Maj Thomas K.J. Newell (1974-1976); ODWAC SgtMaj Mary E. Richmond (1968-1975); and civilian secretary, Mrs. Mary Larrick (1970-1978). Key WAC Assignments, author's file, CMH.

5 Interv, BrigGen Mildred C. Bailey with LtCol Rhoda M. Messer (Senior Officer Debriefing Program, US Army Military History Institute), Oct 78, p. 35, ODWAC Ref File, Directors, WAC, BG Bailey, CMH.

6 Memo, DWAC to DCSPER and CofS, 4 Feb 72, sub: Plan to Improve the Image of the Women's Army Corps. The plan was retitled Plan to Improve WAC Recruiting and Retention on 6 Mar 72; Memo, DWAC to DCSPER, 21 Jun 72, sub: WAC Expansion Action with 3 Incls, WAC Expansion Actions, WAC Expansion Status, WAC Improvements as of 5 Jun 72; Min, Army Uniform Board Meeting, 19 Apr 72, approved by CofS, 2 Jun 72. Copies in ODWAC Ref File, Image, Plan to improve, CMH.

7 EO 11478, issued in June 71, affirmed President Nixon's commitment to equal opportunity regardless of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Copies of SecDef progress reports from the military depts to OMB covering recruitment, assignment, training, and upward mobility of minority personnel and women are in ODWAC Ref File, Equal Opportunity, CMH.

8 ODCSPER, Annual History, FY 72, pp. 104-114; DA Affirmative Action Plan, Jun 72 (rev Jun 75); and Annual (Biennial) Assessments, Army Equal Opportunity Program, 1977-84. Copies in ODWAC Ref File, Equal Opportunity, CMH.

9 US Congress, House Armed Services Committee, Hearings before the Special Subcommittee on the Utilization of Manpower in the Military, 92d Cong, 2d sess, HRpt 92-51, Jun 72, pp. 12442-50, ODWAC Ref File, Hearings, CMH. Rpt hereafter cited as Hearings, Manpower in the Military. 

10 Ibid., p. 12469.

11 lbid., p. 12495. Later that year General Bailey, believing that Congress or the courts would force the services to accept women in the academies, reversed her position. In her initial interview with the new CofS, General Abrams, she recommended the Army change its refutable stand and admit women to West Point. By being first to initiate the action, the Army would be praised for its open-minded progressiveness and still have time to plan the admittance for women cadets. Though conceding she had some valid points, General Abrams did not concur in the recommendation. Interv, BrigGen Bailey with the author, 9 Apr 85.

12 Hearings, Manpower in the Military, p. 12503. 

13 Public Papers, Nixon, 1970, 23 Apr 70, p. 385; SS, DCSPER to CoFS, 21 Jun 71, sub: Expansion of the Women's Army Corps, date-stamp approval, VCofS, 28 Jun 71; Memos, DCSPER to DCSLOG, 26 Jan 72, same sub, DCSLOG to DWAC, 27 Jan 72, same sub, and DCSPER to Dir, Procurement and Distribution, ODCSPER, 7 Feb 72, same sub; Msg, DCSPER (DPD) 2817152 2 Feb 72, same sub; Interim reply CONARC to DCSPER, 28 Jan 72, same sub; Ltrs, DCSLOG to Maj Corns, 13 Mar 72, same sub, and ACSFOR to General and Special Staff Divs, DA, and Maj Corns, 29 Jun 72, same sub. Copies in ODWAC Ref File, WAC Expansion 1971-3, CMH.

14 Memo, SecArmy to CofS, 16 Jun 72, sub: Requirements for Military Manpower, ODWAC Ref File, WAC Expansion 1971-3, CMH.

15 DCSPER, Plan for the Expansion of the Women's Army Corps, 20 Jul 72, approved by SecArmy, 24 Jul 72, and CofS Memo 72-600-171, 3 Aug 72, sub: Expansion of the Women's Army Corps, ODWAC Ref File, WAC Expansion 1971-3, CMH.

16 DOD Press Release, 7 Aug 72, sub: Expansion of the WAC, ODWAC Ref File, Expansion, WAC, 1972 (Cont'd), CMH.

17 Study, OPO PMDO, sub: MOS Appropriate for Enlisted WAC Use, Incl in DF, OPO PMDO to DWAC, 18 Jul 72, sub: DA Affirmative Action Plan (AAP), ODWAC Ref File, WAC MOS List Expanded-Aug 72, CMH.

18 DF, OPO PMDO to DCSPER, Dir, Military Personnel Policies, 31 Jul 72, sub: DA Affirmative Action Plan (AAP), with Comment 2, ODWAC Ref File, WAC MOS List Expanded-Aug 72, CMH; Change 25, 26 Oct 72 to AR 611-201, MOS Manual, Sec IV (Revised) WAC Training MOS List.

19 Memo, SecDef to Asst SecDef, Manpower & Reserve Affairs (ASD M&RA), 11 Dee 71, sub: The All-Volunteer Force, ODWAC Ref File, Expansion, WAC, 1971, CMH.

20 Rpt, Central All-Volunteer Task Force on Utilization of Military Women, Dec 72, and Gus C. Lee and Geoffrey Y. Parker, Ending the Draft-the Story of the All-Volunteer Force (Alexandria, VA: Human Resources Research Organization, Apr 77), pp. 187-96, ODWAC Ref File, Studies, CMH.

21 First-time enlistments in the WAC increased from 5,667 in FY 72 to 8,701 in FY 73; the WAC reenlistment rate climbed from 31.6 to 53.0 percent in the same period; total WAC strength rose from 13,250 on 30 Jun 72 to 17,830 on 30 Jun 73. Strength of the Army Report (DCSPER 46), 30 Jun 72 and 30 Jun 73.

22 The services were authorized 2.5 million men for FY 73; on 30 Jun 73 they had only 2.3 million. Study, OASD (M&RA), sub: American Volunteers, A Report on the All-Volunteer Armed Forces, 31 Dec 73, Fig. 2-1, CMH Ref Br.

23 Memos, DASA (M&RA) to DCSPER, 2 May 73, sub: Numbers of Women in the Army, and DCSPER to DASA (M&RA), 11 May 73, same sub, ODWAC Ref File, Expansion, WAC, 1973, CMH.

24 Memo, DPPB, ODCSPER, to DCSPER, 3 Jul 73, sub: Utilization of Women in the Army, ODWAC Ref File, Expansion, WAC, 1973, CMH. With DA GO 1, 11 Jan 73, OPO was replaced by the MILPERCEN.

25 Min, Utilization of Women in the Army Steering Committee, meetings 24 and 31 Jul 73, ODWAC Ref File, Expansion, WAC, Steering Cte Minutes, 1973, CMH. Col Mary Jo Sansing, WAC Staff Adviser, HSC, attended the meeting as representative of the Health Services Command, Fort Sam Houston, TX.

26 DF, DWAC to DCSPER (DPPB), 23 Aug 73, sub: WAC Expansion, and SS, DCSPER (DAPE-PPB) to CofS, 24 Sep 73, sub: Plan for Expansion of the Women's Army Corps, date-stamp approval, 9 Oct 73, ODWAC Ref File, Expansion, WAC, 1973, CMH.

27 AR 611-201, 1 Jul 68, with changes 1972, Regular Army Enlistment Program.

28 ODCSPER (DPPB-Plans and Systems Div), "Plan for the Expansion of the Women's Army Corps," 31 Aug 73, ODWAC Ref File, Expansion, WAC, 1973, CMH.

29 Interv, BrigGen Mildred C. Bailey with LtCol Rhoda M. Messer (Senior Officer Debriefing Program, US Army Military History Institute), Oct 78, p. 5, ODWAC Ref File, Directors, WAC, BG Bailey, CMH.

30 Ibid.

31 AR 600-3, rev 1976, WAC Regulation.

32 Change 52, 16 Dec 74, AR 600-200, Enlisted Personnel Management System; Ltr, ACSFOR to Maj Coms, 29 Jun 72, sub: Expansion of the Women's Army Corps; DA (DCSPER D/PC-EPP) Msg 2512002 May 73, sub: Interim Change to AR 600-200; DA Msg 2118502 Aug 73 to Maj Corns, sub: WAC Expansion. Copies in ODWAC Ref File, Regulation Changes AR 600-200, CMH.

33 DFs, DWAC to CG, Army Personnel Ctr, 15 May 73, sub: AR 600-200 Enlisted Personnel Management System, and DWAC to CG, Army Personnel Ctr, 21 Jan 74, sub: Draft Change to Chapter 3, AR 600-200, ODWAC Ref File, Regulation Changes AR 600-200, CMH.

34 Treadwell, The Women's Army Corps, pp. 318-20; Ltr, Cdr, HQ USASA, to subordinate cdrs worldwide, 3 Dec 71, sub: WAC Utilization in USASA, ODWAC Ref File, Army Security Agency, CMH; DA GO 25, 30 Dec 76, CMH Library; Strength of the Army Report (DCSPER 46), Part I, 30 Sep 78.

35 DA Msgs 0121002 Sep 72, sub: Award of MOS in Army Career Group 95 to WAC, and 2615352 Sep 72, sub: Employment of WAC in MOS 9513; Ltr, HQ, TRADOC, 16 Jul 73, sub: Employment of WAC in MOS 9513; Memo, LtCol Edward D. Lockwood for the Provost Marshal General, 1 Mar 74, sub: Army Military Policewomen; Ltr, DCSPER to Maj Coms, 12 Sep 75, sub: U.S. Army Enlisted Women Correctional Specialists, MOS 95C; DA Msg 0514592 Jun 75; and AR 190-47, 15 Dec 75, U.S. Army Correctional System. Copies in ODWAC Ref File, Confinement of Women, CMH.

36 SS, DCSPER to CofS, 13 Apr 73, sub: Women in the Army Aviation Flight Program, CofS date-stamp approval 25 Apr 73; Memo, Dir, OPD, MILPERCEN, to Cdr, MILPERCEN, 16 Jul 74, sub: Assignment of WAC Aviators; Ltr, Chief, US Army Research Institute Field Unit, Fort Rucker, AL, to DWAC, I Jul 75, sub: Women in Flying Role; Fact Sheet, DA Public Affairs Office, 15 Nov 77, sub: Army Women in Aviation. Copies in ODWAC Ref File, Aviation and Airborne, WAC, CMH. The first WAC commissioned officers to complete aviator training were 1st Lt Sally D. Woolfolk and 1st Lt Linda M. Horan; the first woman warrant officer aviator was WOJG Jennie A. Vallance.

37 Treadwell, The Women's Army Corps, p. 300.

38 Ltr, CG, XVIII Airborne Corps, Fort Bragg, NC, to Cdr, FORSCOM, Fort McPherson, GA, 3 Aug 73, sub: Utilization of WAC Personnel in MOS 43E, with 1st Ind FORSCOM to HQ, DA, Attn: DCSPER (DAPE-MPT) 8 Aug 73, and 2d Ind HQ, DA, (DCSPER DAPE-MPT) to Cdr, FORSCOM, 12 Sep 73; Fact Sheet, DCSPER, 30 Aug 73. Copies in ODWAC Ref File, Aviation and Airborne, WAC, CMH. Joyce Ann Kutsch was the first WAC enlistee to complete the MOS 43E course.

39 AR 600-20, 28 Apr 71, Army Command Policy and Procedures, CMH Library; Chart, Asst SecDef (M&RA), Comparison of Differences in Regulations Pertaining to Regular Male and Female Military Personnel, Mar 72, ODWAC Ref File, Equal Treatment, CMH.

40 Msg, CNO to all commands, 5350, 7 Aug 72, sub: Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women in the Navy, ODWAC Ref File, Equal Treatment, CMH.

41 SS, DCSPER through CofS to SecArmy, 30 Nov 72, sub: Command by Members of the Women's Army Corps; Memo, Military Assistant to SecArmy (Col Elvin R. Heiberg) to Chief of Public Information, 18 Dec 72; and DA Msg 1012122 Jan 73, sub: Interim Change 2, AR 600-20, Army Command Policies and Procedures, ODWAC Ref File, Equal Treatment, CMH.

42 Memo, CG, US Army Personnel Ctr, to SecArmy, 2 Mar 73, sub: Information on Assignment of Capt. Reba Tyler, WAC, ODWAC Ref File, Command, CMH; Nancy Barone, "Making History in Detroit, "Recruiting and Career Counseling Journal, May 77, pp. 12-13.

43 MFR, ODWAC, 6 Mar 73, sub: Information Approach to Assignment of Women to Command Positions, ODWAC Ref File, Command, CMH.

44 Info Paper, WAC Advisory Br, OPD, 4 Jun 74, sub: Women Officers in Command, ODWAC Ref File, Command, CMH.

45 Semi-Annual Rpts to ASD(M&RA), Rpts Control Symbol DD-M (SA) No. 1225, Feb 73, Aug 73, Feb 74, Aug 74; Ltr, Act'g Dir, Officer Personnel, MILPERCEN, to DWAC, 17 Mar 76, no sub; Memo, DWAC to Dir, Military Personnel Management, ODCSPER, 20 Dec 77, sub: Status of Women Eligible for 05 Command. Copies in ODWAC Ref File, Command, CMH.

46 Ltr, DCSLOG to CG, CONARC, 12 Jun 72, sub: Facility Support for the Expansion of the Women's Army Corps; DA Msg (DCSLOG) 3020382 Aug 72 to Army commanders; DA Msg (DCSLOG) 0417152 Aug 72 to CG, CONARC, sub: FY 73 Funding, WAC Expansion Program; and CONARC Msg 1518472 Nov 72 to CONUS Armies, sub: WAC Housing Lease of Quarters Funds. Copies in ODWAC Ref File, WAC Expansion 1971-1973, CMH.

47 DA Msg (ODWAC) 1518472 Nov 72, sub: WAC Expansion, ODWAC Ref File, Expansion, WAC, 1972 (cont'd), CMH.

48 DA Msg (ODWAC) 2118502 Aug 73, sub: WAC Expansion, ODWAC Ref File, Expansion, WAC, 1973, CMH.

49 Historical Report, WAC C&S, 1972, History Collection, WAC Museum.

50 90th Cong, 2d sess: HR 15127, S 4195; 91st Cong, 1st sess: HR 466, HR 10323, HR 11210, S 2741; 92d Cong, 1st sess: HR 4954, HR 2580, HR 2335, HR 8758, HR 8759.

51 Frontiero v. Richardson, SecDef, et al., US 71-1694 (1973); DA (DACA-CSJ) Msg 2416282 Sep 73, sub: Implementation of Supreme Court Decision #71-1694, and US Comptroller General Decision, 31 Aug 73, ODWAC Ref File, Frontiero, CMH.

52 92d Cong, 1st sess, HR 11064; PL 290, 93d Cong, 2d sess, 24 May 74.

53 Memo, DWAC to Dir, Military Personnel Policy Directorate, ODCSPER, 12 Jun 74, sub: Age Criteria for Female Enlistments, ODWAC Ref File, Enlistment Standards, CMH; Study, Women in the Military, Oct 81, p. 23, ODWAC Ref File, Studies, Women in the Military, CMH; AR 601-210, 1 May 68, Regular Army Enlistment Program, as rev by Table 2-1, Basic Enlistment Qualifications for Persons with No Prior Service, CMH Library.

54 Memo, ODCSPER Directorate of Procurement and Distribution (Action Officer: LtCol Mary R. Williams) to DCSPER, 20 Dec 73, sub: Enlistment Eligibility of Women Who have Been Pregnant While Unmarried, and Interim Changes 18 and 19, 9 Feb and 15 Mar 73, respectively, to AR 601-210, Regular Army Enlistment Program, ODWAC Ref File, Enlistment Standards, CMH.

55 Rule "F" Dependents, Table 2-1, Basic Enlistment Qualifications, AR 601-210, 1 May 68, Regular Army Enlistment Program, as rev 72, 73, and 75; and Ltr, DCSPER (DAPE-MPR-P), 26 Jan 76, ODWAC Ref File, Dependency, CMH.

56 Ltr, Cdr, First US Army Recruiting District, Fort George G. Meade, MD, to Cdr, US Army Recruiting Command, Hampton, VA, 4 Apr 73, sub: Request for a Change in Medical Fitness Standards, 1st Ind, Cdr, US Army Recruiting Command, to DCSPER, 16 Apr 73, 2d Ind, DCSPER DA (DAPE-MPE-PS) to Cdr, US Army Recruiting Command, ODWAC Ref File, Enlistment Standards, CMH; AR 601-210, 15 Jan 75, The Regular Army Enlistment Program, CMH Library.

57 Memo, ODCSPER Directorate for Military Personnel Management (DAPE-MPE-CS) to DWAC, 14 Apr 76, sub: To Amend Section 505, Title 10, USC, to require that qualifications for enlistment in the Armed Forces of the U.S. be the same for male and female personnel, ODWAC Ref File, Enlistment Standards, CMH.

58 Interim change, 26 Apr 79, to AR 601-210 Regular Army Enlistment Program and complete revision of AR 601-210 on 1 Oct 80 provided that women with a high school diploma or GED with a score of 16 could be enlisted-but not to exceed 10 percent of those enlisted.

59 MFRS, Dep DWAC (Col Maida E. Lambeth), 22 Jan 74, sub: Meeting with SA [Secretary of the Army] re Further WAC Expansion, with Incls, and ODCSPER, Chief, Programs Review Team (LtCol Charles E. Tucker), 24 Jan 74, sub: Increase in WAC Strength, ODWAC Ref File, Expansion of the WAC, 1972-1978, CMH.

60 Min, WAC Expansion Steering Committee, 26 Feb 74, p. 2, ODWAC Ref File, Steering Committee Minutes, 1974, CMH.

61 ODWAC Ref File, MOS-Traditional and NonTraditional, CMH.

62 Min, WAC Expansion Steering Committee, 22 May 74 and 20 May 75, ODWAC Ref File, Steering Committee Minutes, 1974, 1975, CMH.

63 PL 92-129, Armed Services Enlistment Bonus Act, 28 Sep 71; PL 93-337, the Expanded Armed Services Enlistment Bonus Act, 10 May 74; "Expanded Enlistment Bonus," U.S. Army Recruiting Journal, Jun 74, p. 29.

64 PL 93-238, Defense Appropriations Act for FY 1974, 2 Jan 73.

65 Ltr, Dep Cdr, USAREC, Fort Sheridan, IL, to recruiting district cdrs, 19 Feb 74, sub: Increasing Enlistment of Women, in Minutes, WAC Expansion Steering Committee, 27 Feb 74, ODWAC Ref File, Steering Committee Minutes, 1974, CMH.

66 Fact Sheet, ODCSPER, 20 Mar 75, sub: Expansion of the Women's Army Corps (for objectives), ODWAC Ref File, Expansion, WAC, 1974-1975, CMH; Strength of the Army Report (DCSPER 46), Part II, Gains, 30 Jun 74 and 30 Jun 75.

67 AR 310-31, 25 May 70, Management System for Tables of Organization and Equipment, par 225, WAC Personnel, CMH Library; Historical Reports, WAC C&S, 1963, 1974, 1975, History Collection, WAC Museum.

68 Treadwell, The Women's Army Corps, Appendix A, Table 7, p. 772; Strength of the Army Report (DCSPER 46), Part I, Strength by Type and Command, 30 Jun 72.

69 Min, WAC Expansion Steering Committee, 22 May and 24 Sep 74, ODWAC Ref File, Steering Committee Minutes, 1974, CMH; AR 614-30, 14 Mar 55, Foreign Service, CMH Library.

70 DF, Dir, Military Personnel Management, ODCSPER (DAPE-MPE-DR), to DWAC and other Steering Committee members, 17 May 73, sub: Overseas Tour Lengths, ODWAC Ref File, Tour Length, Overseas, CMH.

71 DF, DWAC to Dir, Military Personnel Management, ODCSPER, 11 Jun 73, sub: Overseas Tour Length, ODWAC Ref File, Tour Length, Overseas, CMH.

72 "Shorter No-Kin Tours Sought," Army Times, 29 Jan 75.

73 "Army Women to Get Longer Europe Tours," Army Times, 25 Dec 75.

74 US Congress, House, 93d Cong, 2d sess, Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, Department of Defense Appropriations for 1975, 2 May 74, pp. 72-73. Appropriation hearings hereafter cited as House (or Senate) Hearings, Defense Appropriations, FY, and date; House Hearings, Defense Appropriations, FY 76, 26 Feb 75, p. 1099.

75 DA Msgs (DAPE-MPE-DR) 1117552 Mar 75, sub: Reduction of PCs Moves and Costs; (DAPE-MPE-DR) 0218052 Jan 76, sub: Interim Change to AR 614-30, Overseas Service; and (DAPE-MPE-DR) 0413142 Nov 76, same sub. All in ODWAC Ref File, Regulations, AR 614-30, CMH.

76 Ltr, Cdr, FORSCOM, to subordinate cdrs, 26 Nov 73, sub: WAC Expansion, ODWAC Ref File, Interchangeable Spaces, CMH.

77 Ibid.

78 DF, DWAC to ODCSPER Directorate of Plans, Programs, and Budget, 17 Jan 75, sub: Revised AR's 310-49 and 570-4; DF, DWAC to same addressees, 5 Jun 75, sub: Strawman-Designation of Male/Female/Interchangeable Positions in TAADS; Ltr, DCSPER to Maj Corns, 1 Oct 75, sub: Designation Male/Female/Interchangeable Positions in TAADS; Ltr, Cdr, Eighth US Army (Korea), to DCSPER, DA, 3 Sep 75, sub: WAC Content in Units, with Inds; DF, DCSLOG (Chief, War Reserves Office) to ODCSPER, 22 Nov 77, sub: Mobilization Support for Females, with Incl. Copies in ODWAC Ref File, Interchangeable Spaces, 1972-1978, CMH.

79 SS, DCSPER (DAPE-PPB) to CofS, 24 Sep 73, sub: Plan for Expansion of the Women's Army Corps, date-stamped approval 9 Oct 73, ODWAC Ref File, Expansion, WAC, 1973, CMH.

80 Min, WAC Expansion Steering Committee, 14 Aug 73, with Incl: DCSPER Point Paper, 14 Aug 73, sub: WAC Officers in the Baseline Force; and Memo, DCSPER through CofS and ASA M&RA for DASD M&RA, 20 Nov 75, sub: Army Women Officer Program-INFORMATION Memorandum, ODWAC Ref File, Officers WAC, CMH.

81 SS, DCSPER to CofS, 9 Feb 72, sub: Test Program for Opening ROTC Enrollment to Women at 8-10 Institutions, approved 14 Feb 72; Ltr, CG, CONARC (Asst DCS for Individual Training, BrigGen Milton E. Key), to DCSPER (DAPE-ITR), 17 Mar 72, sub: Test Program of Women in ROTC, with Ind, 21 Mar 72; Annual Historical Summary FY 1972 CONARC, p. 370, Senior ROTC; DOD Press Release, 23 Mar 75, sub: Colleges to Offer Army ROTC to Women. Copies in ODWAC Ref File, ROTC, CMH.

82 DA Msg 0919072 Jan 76 to Maj Corns, sub: Weapons Training for Female Soldiers, Active Army, Army National Guard, and Army Reserve, and Memo, DCSPER (DAPE-MPO-R) to SecArmy through CofS, 19 Dec 75, sub: Female Training in ROTC Camps and Officer Candidate Schools (OCS)-DECISION MEMORANDUM, SecArmy approval date-stamped 5 Jan 76. Copies in ODWAC Ref File, ROTC, CMH.

83 ODCSPER, Annual Historical Summary, FY 75, CMH Ref Br.

84 Ibid., FY 72, pp. 81-85, CMH Ref Br.

85 Min, OPMS Steering Committee, 17 Oct 72, ODWAC Ref File, OPMS, CMH.

86 Fact Sheet, Chief, WAC Career Management Br, OPD (Lt Col Maida E. Lambeth) to DWAC, 22 May 72, sub: Officer Personnel Management System, and DF, Dir, Military Personnel Management, ODCSPER, to DWAC and other directorates, 31 May 73, sub: OPMS Centralized Command Selection System, ODWAC Ref File, OPMS, CMH. OPMS did not affect the management of warrant officers.

87 DA Pam 600-3, Officer Professional Development and Utilization, Mar 74, ODWAC Ref File, OPMS, CMH; AR 611-101, 15 Nov 75 (eff I Mar 76), Commissioned Officer Specialty Classification System, CMH Library. Without congressional action, the Army could not eliminate the WAC as the women's basic branch, but it could permanently detail WACs to other branches.

88 Summary, WAC Career Management Br, OPD, MILPERCEN, no date, Sequence of Actions to Integrate WAC Officers into Other Branches (Feb 73-Jul 74), ODWAC Ref File, WAC Career Management Branch, Integration of WAC Officers into Other Branches, CMH. Collection hereafter cited as ODWAC Ref File-Integration.

89 Briefing, Chief, WAC Career Management Br, OPD, MILPERCEN, 9 Jul 74, sub: WAC, ODWAC Ref File-Integration.

90 Rpt, LtCol Rhoda M. Messer, USAR, The Army Reserve WAC Program FY 71 to FY 81, HQ, USAR, Jan 76, ODWAC Ref File, WAC Reserve & National Guard, CMH; Strength of the Army Reports (DCSPER 46), Part III, 30 Jun 55, 30 Jun 61, and 30 Jun 70; PL 130, 90th Cong, 1st sess, 8 Nov 67; National Guardsman, Nov 71, p. 32. Members of the ANC and AMSC were authorized to join the National Guard under PL 845, 84th Cong, 2d sess, 30 Jul 1956.

91 Memo, Reserve Forces Policy Board to SecDef, 11 Mar 71, sub: Women Volunteers in the Guard and Reserve, ODWAC Ref File, WAC Reserve Correspondence, CMH; Rpt, Col Helen A. Wilson, USMC Res, Current Status of Recruitment and Retention of Women Volunteers in the Guard/Reserve Forces, 20 Aug 71, ODWAC Ref File, Studies, CMH; Annual Historical Summary, Reserve Components, 1 Jul 71 to 30 Jun 72, 9 May 73, p. 35, CMH Ref Br; Col Shirley J. Minge, USAR, A Resume of the Civilian Acquired Skills Program, Abbreviated Basic Training (CAS BT2) for WAC Members of the Reserve Components 1973-1979, ODWAC Ref File, CASP Program, CMH. In 1978, the two-week basic training program was expanded to three weeks; in 1981, the abbreviated program for CASP was discontinued.

92 AR 135-100, 17 Mar 72, Appointment of Commissioned and Warrant Officers in the Army National Guard and Army Reserve, Chap 3, Sec V, Appointments of Women in the Reserve Components of the Army, and Change 9, 1 Apr 79, CMH.

93 The first WAC to be enlisted in the Army National Guard was SP5 Nora J. Campbell, who enlisted at Fort Lewis, WA, on 12 Oct 71. The Air National Guard began enlisting women in Dec 1970. See National Guardsman, Nov 71, p. 32.

94 DFs, Chief, National Guard Bureau (NGB), to DWAC, 29 Mar 72, sub: Enlistment of NonPrior Service Women in the ANG, Comment 2, DWAC to Chief, NGB, 7 Apr 72, and Dir, ANG, to Chief, NGB (DARC-ZA), 7 Feb 74, sub: ANG Participation in Female Basic Training Option, ODWAC Ref File, WAC, National Guard, CMH.

95 PL 95-79, 30 Jul 77, Defense Authorization Act, FY 1978; DA Msg 2021132 Jan 78, sub: Military Service Obligation for Women, ODWAC Ref File, Enlistment Standards, CMH; Change 2, 1 Apr 78, AR 140-111, 1 Jul 76, Enlistment and Reenlistment in the USAR, CMH Library.

96 1st US WAC Basic Training Battalion, the only separate WAC unit in the USAR, was activated under GO 831, HQ, First Army, 8 Sep 72, and discontinued under Permanent Order 107-1, HQ, First Army, eff 16 Sep 79. After a series of acting cdrs, on 28 Apr 73, LtCol Dolores J. Miller assumed command of the battalion; she was replaced on 15 Oct 74 by LtCol Grace M. King, who retired in Dec 77 and was replaced by Maj Jean Curtis, who remained with the unit until it was deactivated in 1979. (Interv, Maj F. Catherine Bander, Exec Officer, 1st WAC Basic Training Bn, 14 May 81, ODWAC Ref File, WAC Reserve, 1st US WAC Training Battalion, CMH.)

97 After-Action Rpt, Maj Myrna H. Williamson, Capt Mary M. Lewis, and Capt Judith A. Dewing, sub: Special Women's Basic Training Program, 17 Mar-8 Apr 76, ODWAC Ref File, WAC Reserve & National Guard, Alaska Scout Training, CMH. WAC Center Drill Sergeants Suzanne Oldt and Harriet Williamson (no relation to the major) led the two platoons through the training ("Alaskan Women Complete Basic," Army Times, 10 Jul 78).

98 Memo, DASA (RA) to DCSPER, 9 Nov 77, sub: Programs for Women in the Reserve Components, and Study, ODCSPER, sub: Women in the Army-Reserve Components (WITA-RC) Review, 31 Mar 78, ODWAC Ref File, Studies, Women in the Army Reserve Components, CMH.

99 Ibid.; Strength of the Army Report (DCSPER 46), Part III, 30 Jun 70 and 30 Jun 78; Office of the Chief, ANG, Information Sheet, 2 Jan 79, ODWAC Ref File, WAC National Guard, CMH. National Guard officer statistics include women officers in the Medical Department.

100 gtremlow, History of the Women Marines 1946-1977, pp. 138-39; F.D. Margiotta, J. Brown, and M.J. Collins, eds., Changing U.S. Military Manpower Realities (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1983), pp. 157-59, 175-89.

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