Endnotes for Chapter XI

1 CSM Memo 72-15-183, 21 Aug 72, sub: Committee to Study the Effects of the Proposed Equal Rights Amendment, and Ltr, DCSPER to DWAC, 25 Aug 72, sub: Letter of Instruction to Chairman of the Committee to Study the Effect of the Proposed Equal Rights Amendment, ODWAC Ref File, Studies-ERA Committee, CMH. Col Bettie J. Morden, ODWAC, chaired the committee that included part-time representatives from other ODCSPER directorates, the Office of the Chief of Reserve Components, the Office of the Adjutant General, and the Office of the Chief of Information. General officer guidance was provided by General Bailey; WAC members included Col Mary J. Guyette, Maj Evelyn P. Foote, Maj Rhoda M. Messer, Maj Patricia Vl~ Whelan, SgtMaj Betty L. Adams, and Sp5 Judy A Fuller.

2 Rpt, ODCSPER (WAC), Dee 72, sub: Report of the Committee to Study the Proposed Equal Rights Amendment, and Memo, DCSPER to all ODCSPER Directors and DWAC, 18 Jan 73, sub: Utilization of Women in the Army, ODWAC Ref File, Studies-ERA Committee, CMH.

3 DF, DCSPER DPPB to all DCSPER directorates and ODWAC, 16 Feb 73, sub: Utilization of Women in the Army; Memo, Cdr, MILPERCEN, 23 Feb 73, sub: Utilization of WAC Officers; DF, DCSPER DPPB to DCSPER, 7 Mar 73, sub: Utilization of Women in the Army; and Memo, DCSPER to DCSPER directorates, DWAC, and Cdr, MILPERCEN, 26 Apr 73, sub: Utilization of Women in the Army. Copies in ODWAC Ref File, Plateau Concept, CMH.

4 Barbara A. Brown et al., "The Equal Rights Amendment: A Constitutional Basis for Equal Rights for Women," Yale Law Journal 80 (Apr 71): 597-98.

5In FY 67, 26 of 4,124 WAC enlistees were discharged for pregnancy; in FY 74, 120 of 16,092 were discharged for pregnancy. Strength of the Army Report (DCSPER 46), Part II, 30 Jun 67 and 30 Jun 74.

6 DA Msg 0115 IOZ Aug 73, sub: Evaluation and Discharge of Enlisted Personnel before 180 Active Duty Days, ODWAC Ref File, Discharge-Pregnancy, CMH.

7 Memo, DASD (M&RA)MPP to the ASA (M&RA), 4 Dec 73, sub: Repeal of Certain Sections of Title 10, U.S. Code, Concerning Management of Women in the Service, ODWAC Ref File, Dis­charge-Pregnancy, CMH. The law affected was Executive Order 10240 issued 27 Apr 51.

8 Memo, DCSPER (DAPE-DMPM) through CofS and ASA (M&RA) to DASD (M&RA)MPP, 28 Dec 73, sub: Repeal of Certain Sections of Title 10, U.S. Code, ODWAC Ref File, Discharge Pregnancy, CMH.

9 Ibid., and DA Msg 2720242 Dec 73 to all commands, sub: Changes in Policy for Discharge of Enlisted Women by Reason of Marriage and Pregnancy, ODWAC Ref File, Discharge-Pregnancy, CMH.

10 DA Msgs 2217452 Jan 74 to all commands, sub: Changes in AR 635-100 and AR 635-120, and 0513152 Sep 74, sub: Interim Change to AR 635-120, Voluntary or Involuntary Discharge of Officers on Parenthood Eliminated, ODWAC Ref File, Discharge-Pregnancy, CMH.

11 Memo, DASD (M&RA)MPP to the Asst Secretaries of the Military Depts (M&RA), 7 Jun 74, sub: Involuntary Separation of Women for Pregnancy and Parenthood, ODWAC Ref File, Dis­charge/Waivers-Pregnancy, Parenthood, Dependents, CMH.

12 Memo, DWAC to DCSPER, 22 Aug 74, sub: Maternity, Mobility and Mission, ODWAC Ref File, Discharge/Waivers-Pregnancy, Parenthood, Dependents, CMH.

13 Memo, DCSPER (DAPS-MPE, Lt Col Shirley M. Barnwell, Action Officer) through CofS and ASA (M&RA) to DASD (M&RA)MPP, 5 Nov 74, sub: Involuntary Separation of Women for Pregnancy and Parenthood, ODWAC Ref File, Discharge/Waivers-Pregnancy, Parenthood, De­pendents, CMH. DA Msg 0614002 Jun 75, sub: Interim Change to Chapters 6 and 8, AR 635-200 and the Trainee Discharge Program, implemented the policy changes.

14 Memo, DASD (M&RA)MPP to ASA (M&RA), 25 Nov 74, sub: Involuntary Separation of Women for Pregnancy and Parenthood, ODWAC Ref File, Discharge/Waivers-Pregnancy, Parent­hood, Dependents, CMH.

15 Memo, Office of the General Counsel, Dir, Legislative Reference Service, DOD, to SecArmy, Attn: Chief of Legislative Liaison, 29 Nov 74, sub: Misc. 1425, proposed legislation "to amend title 10, United States Code, to repeal provisions authorizing involuntary separation of women for pregnancy and parenthood," ODWAC Ref File, Discharge/Waivers-Pregnancy, Parenthood, Dependents, CMH.

16 Memo, DCSPER (DAPE-MPE-PS) through CofS and ASA (M&RA) to DASD (M&RA) MPP, 28 Mar 75, sub: Involuntary Separation of Women for Pregnancy and Parenthood; DF, DCSPER (DAPS-MPE) through Office of Legislative Liaison to Army JAG, 12 Dec 74, sub: Memo, DOD General Counsel 29 Nov 74, Misc. 1425, proposed legislation to amend Title 10, United States Code, to Repeal Provisions Authorizing Involuntary Separation of Women for Pregnancy and Parenthood; DF, DCSPER (DAPS-MPE) to Cdr, Army Personnel Center, 7 Mar 75, sub: An­nouncement of Policy Changes, Pregnancy, Hardship, and Medical Disqualification, DOD Directive 1332.14, Administrative Discharge and Separation, 20 Dec 65. Copies in ODWAC Ref File, Dis­charge/Waivers-Pregnancy, Parenthood, Dependents, CMH.

17 Memo, DASD (M&RA)MPP (/s/ John F. Ahearne) to Assistant Secretaries of the Depts of Army and Navy (M&RA), 11 Apr 75, sub: Involuntary Separation of Women for Pregnancy and Parenthood, ODWAC Ref File, Discharge/Waivers-Pregnancy, Parenthood, Dependents, CMH.

18 Memo, DWAC through DCSPER and CofS to SecArmy, 18 Apr 75, sub: Retention of Pregnant Women, ODWAC Ref File, Discharge/Waivers-Pregnancy, Parenthood, Dependents, CMH.

19 Memo, ASA (M&RA) to SecArmy, 18 Apr 75, sub: Separation of Women for Pregnancy and Parenthood, ODWAC Ref File, Discharge/Waivers-Pregnancy, Parenthood, Dependents, CMH.

20 Memo, SecArmy to ASD (M&RA), 6 May 75, sub: Involuntary Separation of Women for Pregnancy and Parenthood, ODWAC Ref File, Discharge/Waivers-Pregnancy, Parenthood, De­pendents, CMH.

21 Memo, ASD (M&RA) to SecArmy, 28 May 75, sub: Involuntary Separation of Women for Pregnancy and Parenthood, ODWAC Ref File, Discharge/Waivers-Pregnancy, Parenthood, Dependents, CMH.

22 Memos, DCSPER through CofS and ASA (M&RA) to General Counsel, DOD, Attn: Legisla­tive Reference Service, 30 Jun 76, sub: Involuntary Separation of Women for Pregnancy and Parenthood (Misc. 1425); ASA (M&RA) to ASD (M&RA), 26 Jul 76, same sub; and DCSPER through CofS to ASA (M&RA), 29 Apr 77, same sub. All in ODWAC Ref File, Discharge/ Waivers-Pregnancy, Parenthood, Dependents, CMH.

23 DF, DCSPER (DAPE-MPE-PS) to Cdr, MILPERCEN, 13 May 75, sub: Study of WAC Pregnancy Cases and Female Personnel with Dependent Children, and Information Paper, Office of the Surgeon General, 13 May 75, ODWAC Ref File, Discharge/Waivers-Pregnancy, Parenthood, Dependents, CMH; AR 635-5, 1 Jun 75, Leave, Pass, Administrative Absence and Public Holidays, CMH Library. The surgeon general reported that, during 1974, 1,560 active duty women were treated for pregnancy worldwide; 525 delivered a child; 835 had abortions; 200 cases were pending.

24 AR 220-1, 15 Jun 78, Unit Readiness, Appendix B, and AR 614-30, 16 Jan 76, Overseas Service, CMH Library; DA Msg 1413002 Oct 77, sub: Interim Change to AR 635-200, ODWAC Ref File, Discharge/Waivers-Pregnancy, Parenthood, Dependents, CMH.

25 Study, US Army Administrative Center, "Evaluation of Women in the Army," Mar 78, pp. 2­68, 2-72, ODWAC Ref File, Studies, CMH.

26 Binkin and Bach, Women and the Military, p. 60; Study, ASD (MRA&L), Background Review, Women in the Military, Oct 81, p. 78, ODWAC Ref File, Studies, CMH.

27 Memo, ASA (M&RA) to Sec, General Staff, 7 Mar 73, sub: Women in the Army, ODWAC Ref File, Discontinuance of the WAC, CMH.

28 Memo, ASD (M&RA) to Asst Secretaries (M&RA) of the Military Depts, 6 Apr 72, sub: Equal Treatment of Service Women, ODWAC Ref File, Discontinuance of the WAC, CMH.

29 Memo, ASA (M&RA) to Sec, General Staff, 7 Mar 73, sub: Women in the Army, ODWAC Ref File, Discontinuance of the WAC, CMH.

30 Dep DWAC, Comment 2, 21 Mar 73, to DF, Directorate of Plans, Programs, and Budget to DWAC and other ODCSPER directorates, 15 Mar 73, sub: Women in the Army, ODWAC Ref File, Discontinuance of the WAC, CMH.

31 Memo, DCSPER through CofS to ASA (M&RA), 5 Apr 73, sub: Women in the Army, ODWAC Ref File, Discontinuance of the WAC, CMH.

32 Memo, DMPM, ODCSPER, to DWAC and other directorates, 17 Sep 73, sub: Women in the Service-Defense Officer Personnel Management Act, ODWAC Ref File, Discontinuance of the WAC, CMH.

33 Memo, DWAC to DMPM, 19 Sep 73, sub: Nonconcurrence-Repeal of Sections 3071 and 3818, Title 10, U.S. Code, ODWAC Ref File, Discontinuance of the WAC, CMH.

34 Memo, DCSPER to DWAC, DMPM, and DPPB, 26 Sep 73, sub: Women in the Service­Defense Officer Personnel Management Act (DOPMA), ODWAC Ref File, Discontinuance of the WAC, CMH.

35 MFR, DWAC, sub: DWAC Conference with Chief of Staff (18 Oct 73), ODWAC Ref File, Discontinuance of the WAC, CMH.

36 MFR, LtGen Rogers, 19 Oct 73, sub: Repeal of law establishing a separate WAC, and SS, DCSPER to CofS and ASA (M&RA), 25 Oct 73, sub: Reversal of Army Position on DOPMA Concerning Management of Female Personnel, ODWAC Ref File, Discontinuance of the WAC, CMH.

37 In an MFR, LtCol Lorraine A. Rossi, Exec Officer, ODWAC, on 3 Dec 73, noted, "Late 30 Nov 73, SA [SecArmyl and CS [CofSJ discussed 3071. SA said would stand w/Abrams position." ODWAC Ref File, Discontinuance of the WAC, CMH.

38 Memo, SecArmy to Dir, Army Staff, 7 Oct 74, sub: U.S. Army War College Study: Selected Approaches for Maximizing Combat Arms Nonprior Service Accessions, ODWAC Ref File, Discon­tinuance of the WAC, CMH. The study proposed a Challenger-Pursuit Volunteer System, a Civilian Employment/Training Enlistment Option, and Phase-out of the WAC.

39 Memo, DWAC to MajGen Putnam, DMPM, ODCSPER, 11 Oct 74, sub: Memorandum re: Elimination of the Women's Army Corps, ODWAC Ref File, Discontinuance of the WAC, CMH.

40 Memo, DCSPER through CofS and ASA (M&RA) to SecArmy, 30 Jan 75, sub: Phasing out of the Women's Army Corps, ODWAC Ref File, Discontinuance of the WAC, CMH.

41 Ibid., Tab C, Memo, DWAC to DCSPER, 17 Jan 75, same sub, ODWAC Ref File, Discontinuance of the WAC, CMH.

42 Memo, DASA (M&RA) Paul D. Phillips to Dir, Army Staff, 12 Jun 75, sub: Continuation of the WAC, ODWAC Ref File, Discontinuance of the WAC, CMH.

43 Ibid.

44 Memo, DCSPER through CofS and ASA (M&RA) to SecArmy, 17 Jun 75, sub: Repeal of Section 3071, Title 10, United States Code under Proposed Legislation: Defense Officer Personnel Management Act (DOPMA) (HR 7586)-Decision Memorandum, ODWAC Ref File, Discontinu­ance of the WAC, CMH.

45 Interv, BrigGen Bailey with LtCol Rhoda M. Messer (Senior Officer Debriefing Program, US Army Military History Institute), Oct 78, p. 30, ODWAC Ref File, Directors, WAC, BG Bailey, CMH.

46 HRpt, Report of the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives to Accompany HR 13958, HRpt 1295, 94th Cong, 2d sess, 24 Jun 76, pp. 34-35.

47 Ibid.

48 Sen. Javits introduced Senate Concurrent Resolution 71 on 28 Mar 72; Rep Boylan introduced House Concurrent Resolution 578 on 12 Apr 72. Robert J. Boylan, "Annapolis Under Siege," Sea Power, 23 Mar 72, pp. 15-19.

49 HJ Res 314, Congressional Record, Index 1944, p. 550.

50 HR 3403, Congressional Record, Index 1945, p. 891.

51 US Congress, Senate, Committee on Armed Services, SJ Res 48, 84th Cong, 1st sess, 21 Feb 55; Congressional Record, 21 Feb 55, pp. 1545-46.

52 Ltr, John W. Thompson to SecArmy, 9 Aug 72, and reply, SecArmy to Thompson, 2 Oct 72, ODWAC Ref File, Academy, CMH.

53 "Women Cadets Avoided Again," Army Times, 13 Mar 74. 

54 "Women Lose Bid to Academies," Washington Post, 15 Jun 74; "Academy Suit Due Full Trial,"53 "Women Cadets Avoided Again," Army Times, 13 Mar 74. , 4 Dec 74.

55 Min, DACOWITS Mtg, Spring 1975, p. H-6, DWAC Ref File, DACOWITS, CMH.

56 Rep Pierre S. DuPont introduced HR 15338 on 12 Jun 74 and HR 16521 on 21 Aug 74 (Congressional Record, Index, pp. 1809, 1851); his HR 10705 was still pending. Texas Rep Alan W. Steelman introduced HR 15999 on 18 Aug 74 (ibid., p. 1832). Massachusetts Rep John J. Moakley's HR 9832, introduced in Aug 73, was also pending (ibid., p. 2144).

57 Statement by the Honorable Howard H. Callaway, Secretary of the Army, before Subcommittee 2, House Armed Services Committee (2d sess., 93d Congr., 3 Jul 74, on Admission of Women to the United States Military Academy, ODWAC Ref File, Academy, CMH.

58 HR 1461, introduced by Rep Carl Perkins, KY, 15 Jan 75, was identical to HR 9832 from the 93d Cong (Congressional Record, Index, p. 1772). S 334 was introduced by Sen William D. Hathaway, ME, 23 Jan 75 (ibid., p. 1632); HR 1051, by Rep Stratton, 15 Jan 75 (ibid., p. 1762); HRs 3837, 3838, and 3839, by Rep DuPont, 27 Feb 75 (ibid., p. 1856).

59 US Congress, House, Military Posture and DoD Authorization Jor Appropriations for FY 1976, Part I. Hearings Before the Committee on Armed Services, 94th Cong, 1st sess, HASC Rpt 94-8 (Washington, DC: 1975); Phil Stevens, "Stratton Hits Academy Combat 'Myth,' "Army Times, 30 Apr 75.

60 James Binder, "The Wayward Cart-Congress and a Coed West Point,"Army, Jul 75, p. 6. 

61 Statement, US Military Academy Board, "On the Admittance of Women to the United States Military Academy," Mar 73, ODWAC Ref File, Academy, CMH.

62 Congressional Record, 20 May and 6 Jun 75; PL 106, 94th Cong, 1st sess, 7 Oct 75. In the summer of 1975, the commandant of the US Coast Guard Academy announced that women would be admitted to that academy in New London, CT, beginning in July 1976. "Coast Guard Shapes Up," Army Times, 13 Aug 75.

63 Ltr, LtGen Sidney E. Berry, Superintendent, USMA, to graduates and friends of the Academy, Assembly Magazine, Dec 75, p. 1.

64 MFRs, ODCSPER (DAPS-MPO-R), sub: Meeting of Staff Committee on Women Cadets at West Point, 28 Aug 75, and ODCSPER (DAPS-MPO-R), sub: USMA In Process Planning Conference, 4 Sep 75, ODWAC Ref File, Academy, CMH.

65 PL 106, 94th Cong, 1st sess, 7 Oct 75.

66 Fact Sheet, Office of Public Affairs, USMA, Oct 75, sub: Admission of Women to the United States Military Academy, ODWAC Ref File, Academy, CMH.

67 Superintendent, USMA, Annual Reports, FYs 74, 75, 76, and 79, CMH Library; Intervs, Maj Virginia K. Fry and BrigGen Mildred P. Hedberg with the author, 14 Apr 72. The women officers assigned to the USMA in 1976 were Maj Mary C. Willis, Capt Linda Bird, Capt Patricia Hickerson, Capt Bonnie Pennington, Capt Laura Trollinger, Capt Barbara Yost, Capt Anna Young, Lt Barbara Doornink, Lt Eileen Johnston, and Lt Marge Nitka (Ltr, Maj Mary C. Willis, USMA, to DWAC, 23 Aug 76, ODWAC Ref File, Academy, CMH).

68 Rpt, Maj Jerome Adams, The Admission of Women to the U.S. Military Academy (Project Athene III), 1 Jun 79, ODWAC Ref File, Academy, CMH.

69 Memo, DWAC through CofS to SecArmy, 28 Jul 75, sub: End of Tour Report, ODWAC Ref File, Directors WAC, Bailey, End of Tour Report, CMH.

70 lnterv, BrigGen Bailey with the author, 18 Apr 82.

71 Memo, DWAC through CofS to SecArmy, 28 July 75, sub: End of Tour Report, ODWAC Ref File, Directors WAC, Bailey, End of Tour Report, CMH

72 Ibid.

73 Remarks, BrigGen Bailey, DWAC, Retirement Ceremonies, Ft McClellan, 30 Jul 75, ODWAC Ref File, Directors WAC, Bailey, CMH.

74 Memo, DCSPER to CofS and SecArmy, 31 Aug 75, sub: End of Tour Report, BG Mildred C. Bailey, ODWAC Ref File, Directors WAC, Bailey, End of Tour Report, CMH.

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