- 1 Memo, DCSPER, through CofS and ASA (M&RA), to SecArmy, 17 Jun 75, sub: Repeal of Section 3071, Title 10, United States Code under Proposed Legislation: Defense Officer Personnel Management Act (DOPMA) (HR 7586), ODWAC Ref File, Discontinuance of the WAC, CMH.
2 ODWAC Ref File, Directors WAC, CMH. Gen Clarke graduated from the WAC Officers Advanced Course, Personnel Officers Management Course, WAC Officer Recruiting Course, Intelligence Officers Course, Army Management School, and Management in the Department of Defense Course.
3 DA SO 194, 1 Aug 75, CMH Library. This order promoted Col Clarke to brig gen, eff 31 Jul 75, and announced her appointment as DWAC, eff 1 Aug 75.
4 LtCol McCord went to the National War College in Jun 76 and was replaced by LtCol Virginia L. Heseman who had served as the last chief of the WAC Advisory Office, MILPERCEN. The plans officer, Maj Thomas K. Newell, Jr., left in Apr 77 when the position was deleted. Mary Larrick, a civilian, continued as secretary to the DWAC. The E-9 position was filled by MSgt Lois J. Williams until Jun 77 when she was replaced by SgtMaj Beverly E. Scott.
5 Memo, ASA (M&RA) to DCSPER, 7 Nov 74, no sub, ODWAC Ref File, Woman's Enlisted Expansion Model (WEEM), CMH.
6 Min, WAC Expansion Steering Committee, 24 Sep 74, p. 5, ODWAC Ref File, ExpansionSteering Committee Minutes (1974), CMH.
7 Ltr, DCSPER (DAPPE-MPE-CS) to Cdr, TRADOC, Fort Monroe, VA, 13 Dec 74, sub: WAC Content in TOE Units, ODWAC Ref File, Studies, WAC Content in Units, CMH.
8 Study, DCSPER, Women in the Army (WITA), Dec 76, ch 5 and 6, ODWAC Ref File, Studies, CMH.
9 Study, TRADOC, Women Officer Content in TOE Units, ODWAC Ref File, Studies, CMH.
10 Ltr, Cdr, TRADOC, to DCSPER, 9 Apr 75, sub: WAC Content in TOE Units, ODWAC Ref File, Studies, WAC Content in Units, CMH.
11 Ltr, DCSPER (DAPS-MPE-CS) to Maj Corns, 9 Jun 75, sub: WAC Content in Units, and Responses, ODWAC Ref File, Studies, WAC Content in Units, CMH.
12 Min, WAC Expansion Steering Committee, 14 Oct 75, ODWAC Ref File, Expansion-Steering Committee (1975), CMH.
13 Memo, DCSPER (DAPE-PBM), through CofS, to SecArmy, 30 Apr 75, sub: Maximum Number of Enlisted Females the Army Could Use, ODWAC Ref File, Studies, WAC Content in Units, CMH.
14 Ltr, ARI to DA Staff, 21 Jan 77, sub: Transmittal of In-Process Review Package for Women Content in Units, and 1st Ind, OTEA to Cdr, ARI, 11 Feb 77, ODWAC Ref File, Studies, Women Content in Units Test (MAX WAC), CMH.
15 Ltrs, CofS to Cdr, OTEA, 16 Jun 77, no sub, and Cdr, OTEA, to Dir, Army Staff, 8 Aug 77, sub: MAX WAC, with Incl: OTEA Review and Evaluation of MAX WAC Study; ARI, MAX WAC, In-Process Review, 11 Aug 77. All in ODWAC Ref File, Studies, WAC Content in Units Test (MAX WAC), CMH.
16 Study, ARI, Women Content in Units, Force Development Test (MAX WAC), 3 Oct 77, ODWAC Ref File, Studies, CMH.
17 Ltr, DCSPER (DAPE-MPE-DR) to ARI, 27 Jun 77, sub: REFORGER 77-Impact of Women, ODWAC Ref File, Studies, REF WAC, CMH.
18 Briefings, ARI to DCSPER, 4 Aug and 9 Nov 77, sub: REFORGER 77-Impact of Women, and Rpts, ARI, Women Content in the Army-REFORGER 77 (REF WAC 77), 30 Jan and 15 Mar 78, ODWAC Ref File, REF WAC, CMH.
19 DA Historical Summary, FY 76, p. 35.
20 DF, DCSPER (DAPE-MPE-CS) to directorates, ODWAC, and DA staff divisions, 6 Jan 76, sub: Women in the Army Study, ODWAC Ref File, Studies, Women in the Army, Dec 76, CMH.
21 Ibid.; Study, DCSPER, Women in the Army Study, 1 Dec 76, ODWAC Ref File, Studies, CMH. Study cited hereafter as WITA Study.
22 CMH, "Women in Combat and as Military Leaders: A Survey," 1978, CMH Library.
23 WITA Study; DF, Asst DCSPER to ODCSPER Directorates and ODWAC, 6 Dec 76, sub: Women in the Army (WITA) Review, ODWAC Ref File, Studies, WITA Issues, CMH.
24 Memo, ASD (M&RA) to Asst Sees, Military Services, 10 Feb 77, sub: Study for Secretary Brown on Utilization of Women in the Armed Forces, ODWAC Ref File, Studies, Use of Women in the Army, CMH. DOD added Logistics to Manpower and Reserve Affairs in June 1977, changing the title and abbreviation to MRA&L.
25 Memo, DWAC to Dir, Military Personnel Management Directorate, 7 Mar 77, sub: Study for Secretary Brown on Utilization of Women in the Armed Forces, ODWAC Ref File, Studies, Use of Women in the Army, CMH.
26 Memo, DCSPER (DAPS-ZB), through CofS and ASA (M&RA), to ASD (M&RA). 8 Mar 77, same sub, ODWAC Ref File, Studies, Use of Women in the Army, CMH.
27 DOD Rpt, Background Study, Use of Women in the Military, May 77, p. 37, ODWAC Ref File, Studies, CMH.
28 Ibid., pp. 24, 28.
29 Ibid., p. 22.
30 Ibid., Conclusions, p. 46.
31 Memos, Actg ASA (M&RA) to Dir, Army Staff, 17 Mar 77, sub: Utilization of Women in the Army, and Cdr, MILPERCEN, to MILPERCEN directorates, 17 Mar 77, same sub, ODWAC Ref File, Studies, MILPERCEN Task Force Utilization of Women in the Army, CMH.
32 Rpt, Task Force, MILPERCEN, 30 Jun 77, sub: Final Task Force Report, Utilization of Women in the Army, ODWAC Ref File, Studies, CMH.
33 Memo, MILPERCEN to DCSPER, 7 Jul 77, sub: Utilization of Women in the Army-Final Task Force Report; DF, ODCSPER (DAPE-MPE-CS) to DWAC and ODCSPER directorates, 20 Jul 77, sub: MILPERCEN Final Task Force Report, Utilization of Women in the Army, and comment 2 by ODWAC XO, 29 Jul 77, concurring in the Task Force Report for ODWAC; Memo, DCSPER to ASA (M&RA) and Cdr, MILPERCEN, 12 Dec 77, same sub, with Incl: Decisions on the Final Task Force Report, Utilization of Women in the Army. All in ODWAC Ref File, Studies, MILPERCEN Task Force Report, CMH.
34 L,tr, TAG (DAPS-MPE-CS) to Cdr, ADMINCEN, Fort Benjamin Harrison, IN, 10 Aug 77, sub: Directive for Evaluation of Women in the Army (EWITA) Study, ODWAC Ref File, Studies, Evaluation of Women in the Army (EWITA), CMH. ADMINCEN, established in 1973, operated under the CG, TRADOC.
35 Memo, ODCSPER Dir, Mil Per Mgmt, to EWITA Steering Committee Members, 4 Oct 77, sub: ADMINCEN's EWITA Progress Report No. 1, ODWAC Ref File, Studies, Evaluation of Women in the Army (EWITA), CMH.
36 Rpt, ADMINCEN, Fort Benjamin Harrison, IN, Final Report-Evaluation of Women in the Army, ODWAC Ref File, Studies, Evaluation of Women in the Army (EWITA), CMH. In late 1977, the Army Infantry School and the Army Research Institute for Environmental Medicine initiated a study to identify the strength and endurance required for each MOS and specialty to establish physical fitness and test standards based on job requirements rather than sex or age. See TRADOC Annual Historical Review, FY 1979, CMH Ref Br.
37 DF, ODWAC to ODCSPER (DAPE-MPE-SS), 6 Mar 78, sub: Executive Summary: Evaluation of Women in the Army (EWITA), ODWAC Ref File, Studies, EWITA Executive Summary. CMH.
38 Memo, DCSPER through CofS to SecArmy, 24 Apr 78, sub: Evaluation of Women in the Army (EWITA) Report, ODWAC Ref File, Studies, EWITA Executive Summary, CMH.
39 Congressional Record, 17 May 77, pp. 7785-90; PL 95-79, 30 Jul 77, Defense Authorization Act, FY 1978.
40 Memo, Dir, Army Staff, to DCSPER, 2 Jun 77, sub: Women in the Army, ODWAC Ref File, Combat Exclusion Policy, CMH.
41 DF, DCSPER to DWAC, other ODCSPER directorates, and DA staff divisions, 14 Jun 77, sub: Women in the Army, ODWAC Ref File, Combat Exclusion Policy, CMH.
42 DA Msg 2812472 Jun 77, DA (DCSPER) to Maj Coins, ODWAC Ref File, Combat Exclusion Policy, CMH.
43 DF, DWAC to Dir, Military Personnel Policy Directorate (DAPE-MPE-CS), 17 Jun 77, sub: Women in the Army, ODWAC Ref File, Combat Exclusion Policy, CMH. At this time, the 101st Airborne Div, Fort Campbell, KY, had 337 enlisted women and 16 women officers assigned.
44 Memo, ASD (MRA&L) to ASA (M&RA) and the other service secretaries, 21 Nov 77, sub: Definition of Combat as Related to Women, ODWAC Ref File, Combat Exclusion Policy, CMH.
45 Memo, ASA (M&RA) to ASD (MRA&L), 15 Dec 77, sub: A Definition of Combat for Female Job Classifications, ODWAC Ref File, Combat Exclusion Policy, CMH.
46 Ltr, Dep SecDef to Speaker, House of Representatives, and President pro-tem. Senate. 14 Feb 78, no sub, ODWAC Ref File, Combat Exclusion Policy, CMH.
47 HR 7431, introduced in the 95th Cong, 2d sess, to permit women to serve on noncombat ships, became PL 95-485 in Oct 78. In Nov 1979, a House Armed Services subcommittee held hearings on a DOD-sponsored bill to allow women on combat ships and aircraft. The bill died in committee.
48 DA Msg, 2121282 Dee 77, to all Army activities, sub: Policy on Exclusion of Women from Combat, ODWAC Ref File, Combat Exclusion Policy, CMH. See also Army Personnel Ltr. No. 278, Feb 78, "Policy on Exclusion of Women from Combat," same file.
49 Ibid. The number of MOSS closed to enlisted women dropped from 29 to 16; specialties closed to women officers, from 16 to 8; and specialties closed to women warrant officers, from 18 to 2. (Enlisted MOSS, Changes 8 and 9, 13 Jun 77 and 2 Jan 78, AR 611-201; officers, Changes 4 and 5, 12 Sep 77 and 15 Jun 78, AR 611-101; warrant officers, Changes 28 and 1, 26 May 76 and 15 Oct 78, AR 611-112.)
50 DA Msg (DAPE-MPE) 2623422 Jan 78, sub: Policy on Exclusion of Women from Combat, ODWAC Ref File, Combat Exclusion Policy, CMH.
51 DF (Comment 2), DCSPER (DAPE-MPE-CS) to ACSFOR (DAFD-DAO-AC), 18 Jan 74, sub: Airborne Interchangeable Documented Positions, ODWAC Ref File, Combat, Women in, CMH.
52 DA Msg (SAPA-CI) 0314432 Jan 78 to all Army activities, sub: More MOS Open to Women, ODWAC Ref File, Assignment, CMH.
53 Jay Finegan, "Singlaub Blasts Women in 82d," Army Times, 19 Jun 78, p. 5; BrigGen Andrew J. Gatsis (Ret), "Women Not Fit for Combat,"
Conservative Digest, Feb 78.
54 DA Msg (DCSPER-MPE) 032222Z Mar 78, ROGERS SENDS to all Army commands and activities, sub: Women in the Army, ODWAC Ref File, Assignment, CMH.
55 Interv, MajGen Clarke with the author, 3 Nov 82.
56 Memo, DWAC to DCSPER, 29 Sep 75, sub: Planning for Disestablishment of the Women's Army Corps Structure, ODWAC Ref File, Disestablishment of the ODWAC, CMH.
57 Draft Memo, DWAC to ODCSPER through Dir, Military Personnel Management, 24 Feb 76, sub: Disestablishment of the Office of the Director of WAC, ODWAC Ref File, Disestablishment of the ODWAC, CMH.
58 Routing slip, MajGen Forrest to BrigGen Clarke, 2 Mar 76, no sub, ODWAC Ref File, Disestablishment of the ODWAC, CMH.
59 Draft Memo, DWAC to DCSPER directorates, OASA (M&RA), and DCSPER, 17 May 76, sub: Disestablishment of the Office of the Director WAC, ODWAC Ref File, Disestablishment of the ODWAC, CMH.
60 Memo, Dir, Human Resources, to DWAC, 7 Jun 76, sub: Nonconcurrence on Disestablishment of the Office of the Director WAC, ODWAC Ref File, Disestablishment of the ODWAC, CMH.
61 Memos, Dir, Military Personnel Management, to ODWAC, 28 Jun 76, sub: Nonconcurrence on Disestablishment of the Office of the Director WAC; Dir, Programs and Budget, to ODWAC, 17 Sep 76, sub: Disestablishment of ODWAC; and OASA (M&RA), Chief, Military Personnel Policy Div, to DWAC, 15 Oct 76. same sub. All in ODWAC Ref File, Disestablishment of the ODWAC, CMH.
62 ODWAC Notes, Jan 78, ODWAC Ref File, Director WAC Notes/The View from Here, CMH.
63 Draft Memo, DWAC through ODCSPER directorates to DCSPER, CofS, and SecArmy, 1 Feb 77, sub: Disestablishment of ODWAC, ODWAC Ref File, Disestablishment of the ODWAC, CMH.
64 Memo, DMPM to DWAC, 17 Feb 77, sub: Comments on the Proposed Reorganization of ODWAC, ODWAC Ref File, Disestablishment of the ODWAC, CMH.
65 Memo Routing Slip, OASA (M&RA), Military Personnel Policy Div, 11 Feb 77, sub: Disestablishment of ODWAC, ODWAC Ref File, Disestablishment of the ODWAC, CMH.
66 Memo, Office CofS, Dir of Management, to Dir, Army Staff, no date, sub: Status of the DWAC and DWAC Office, ODWAC Ref File, Disestablishment of the ODWAC, CMH.
67 Memo, CofS to DCSPER, 26 Apr 77, ODWAC Ref File, Disestablishment of the ODWAC, CMH.
68 DF, DCSPER (DMPM) to Chief, Legislative Liaison, ATTN: J. Naler, 23 May 77, sub: Disestablishment of the Women's Army Corps (WAC), ODWAC Ref File, Discontinuance of the WAC, CMH.
69 DF, JAG (DAJA-AL) to DCSPER (DAPE-MPE-CS), 24 Jun 77, sub: Utilization of ODWAC Spaces, ODWAC Ref File, Discontinuance of the WAC, CMH.
70 Memo, DCSPER through CofS to SecArmy, 26 Jul 77, sub: Utilization of Office of Director, Women's Army Corps (ODWAC) Spaces, ODWAC Ref File, Discontinuance of the WAC, CMH. This memo included a proposed memo for SecDef; Sec Alexander approved and forwarded the memo to Sec Brown on 17 Aug 77.
71 Memo, ASD (MRA&L), Military Personnel Policy, to ASA (M&RA), 28 Nov 77, sub: Abolishment of the Statutory Positions of Director and Deputy Director of the Women's Army Corps. ODWAC Ref File, Discontinuance of the WAC, CMH.
72 Ltr, SecDef to Speaker of the House of Representatives, the President of the Senate, Chairman of the House Armed Services Committee, and Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, no sub, 7 Mar 78, ODWAC Ref File, Disestablishment of the ODWAC, CMH. The CNO had vacated the position of Special Assistant for Women, Office of the Chief of Naval Personnel, in Mar 73 when Capt Quigley was transferred. The Air Force had discontinued the position of Director of Women in the Air Force on 31 Jul 76, the date the last incumbent, Col Beatrice D. Trimeloni, retired. The Marine Corps had discontinued the position of Director of Women Marines on 1 Jul 77, and the incumbent, Col Margaret A. Brewer, was promoted and reassigned within HQ, USMC, as the Director of Information.
73 DA GO 7, 25 Apr 78, CMH Library; Memo, DWAC through CofS to SecArmy, 12 Apr 78, sub: Ceremony for Disestablishment of the Office of the Director WAC (ODWAC), ODWAC Ref File, Disestablishment of the ODWAC, CMH.
74 Address, DWAC, "Remarks by Brig Gen Mary E. Clarke, DWAC, on the occasion of the ODWAC Disestablishment Ceremony, 28 April 1978," ODWAC Ref File, Disestablishment of the ODWAC, CMH.
75 Ltrs to the Editor, Army Times, 16 Jan, 6 Feb, and 20 Mar 78. A major debate concerned whether women should be called WACs, women, or soldiers. In an editorial, "Is `WAC' Divisive?" (7 Feb 78), Army Times promised to use the terms interchangeably and predicted that "WAC" like "GI" would remain in the soldier vernacular for many years.
76 Memo, DWAC, through CofS, to SecArmy, 27 Apr 78, sub: End of Tour Report, ODWAC Ref File, Discontinuance of the WAC, CMH.
77 Memo, DCSPER (DAPS-MPE-SS) to Dir, Army Staff, 17 Apr 78, sub: Transfer of Office of Director, Women's Army Corps (ODWAC) Spaces to ODCSPER, ODWAC Ref File, Discontinuance of the WAC, CMH. Dep DWAC Hinton was reassigned as the personnel officer in the Office of the Dir, ANG; LtCol Heseman, the ODWAC executive officer went to the Army Review Council; and Mary Larrick, the director's secretary, was transferred to the Office of the ACoFS, Intelligence.
78 Colonels Ann B. Smith, Mary Ruth Williams, Evelyn P. Foote, Myrna M. Williamson, Mildred E. P. Hedberg, and Edith M. Hinton assisted in those duties.
79 ODWAC Ref File, Director WAC-Clarke, Mary E., CMH.
80 Address, BrigGen Clarke, 7 Dec 75, Fort McNair, Washington, DC.
81 Memo, Dir, Human Resources Directorate, to DCSPER, 18 Jul 81, sub: Award of the Women's Army Corps Medal, ODWAC Ref File, Awards and Decorations, CMH.
82 Ltr, SecArmy Alexander to William O. Proxmire, Senate Appropriations Committee, 23 Sep 78, no sub, ODWAC Ref File, Discontinuance of the WAC, CMH.
83 Congressional Record, 95th Cong, 2d sess, 26 Sep 78, pp. 31516-17.
84 Ibid., p. 29678.
85 Ibid., pp. 31530, 33544.
86 DA GO 20, 21 Nov 78, CMH Library.