- 1 Msg, WARX 96587 to Maj Coms, 9 Feb 46; Ltrs, WD TAGO to Maj Coms, 9 and 27 Feb 46, sub: WAC Volunteer Programs. Unless cited otherwise, retention and reenlistment documents referred to in this chapter are in file 342, Enlistment and Reenlistment 1946, RG 165.
2 Memos, DWAC to G-1, 2 Feb 46, sub: WAC Volunteer Program, and DWAC to G-1, 8 Apr 46, sub: WAC Volunteer Program
3 Msg, WCL 96566, WD TAGO to Maj Coms, 9 Feb 46; Radio Msg, WD TAGO to Maj Coms. 31 May 46, AGSE-P 342.06 (24 May 46); DF, G-1 to TAGO, Attn: MPPS, 23 May 46, sub: Reenlistment of WACs in European Theater; DF, DWAC to G-1 (Procurement Branch), 13 Sep 46, sub: Reenlistment in Pacific Theater; WD Press Release, 30 Aug 46, sub: Former WAC Officers May Request Recall on Active Duty.
4 Msg, WCL 23019, TAGO to Maj Coms, 3 Jul 46; Memo, DWAC to Dir, Personnel and Administration (D/PAD), DA, 26 Sep 46, sub: Distribution of Enlisted WAC Strength During the Interim Period, file 370, Strength and Utilization, RG 165.
5 Memos, ODWAC to G-1, 27 Sep 46, sub: WAC Reentry Program, and ODWAC to G-1, 2 Oct 46, sub: WAC Reentry Program, file 342, Reentry, RG 165.
6 Msgs, TAG, WARX 83266, to Maj Corns, CONUS, 16 Oct 46, and TAG, WARX 833443, to Maj Corns, overseas, 18 Oct 46, file 321, Changes, RG 165.
7 Ltr, TAGO (AGSE-P 342.06 WAC) (22 Jan 47), 27 Jan 47, sub: Reenlistments in the WAC; Memo, WD, 600-750-13, 3 Apr 47, sub: Reenlistments in the WAC; Ltr, TAGO (AGSE-P), 14 Apr 47, sub: Reenlistments in the WAC.
8 Msg, TAGO 41950, to all Maj Corns, 11 Aug 47, sub: Termination of WAC AUS and Reentry Program, file 342, Reentry, RG 165.
9 Pauline Maxwell (lt Col, ANC, Ret), "The history of the Army Nurse Corps, 1901-1947," unpublished ms, pp. 324-66, CMH; PL 36, 80th Cong, 1st sess, 16 Apr 47.
10 "Permanent Basis for WAVES," The Army and Navy Register, 30 Mar 46, p. 16; "Peacetime Plans for WAVES,"
The Army and Navy Register, 7 Sep 46, p. 9; Mary V. Stremlow (Col, USMCR),
A History of the Women Marines, 1946-1977 (Washington, DC: HQ USMC, 1986), pp. 15-16; Mary C. Lynne and Kay Arthur,
Three Years Behind the Mast (Washington, DC: privately published, 1946), p. 122.
11 Ltr, BrigGen Allan L. Leonard, Jr., USA Ret, to author, 6 Dec 74, author's file, CMH.
12 Rpt, Meeting of the Planning Group for the WAC in the Regular Army, 25 Feb 46, file 032, Legislation 1946-1949, RG 165, lists the consultants: LtCol John F. Cassidy; LtCol James C. Herberg, Legislative Br, ACofS, G-l; LtCol Elizabeth H. Strayhorn, Plans Br, AGF; LtCol Dorothea A. Coleman, WAC Staff Dir, MDW; LtCol Kathleen McClure, Policy Group, ACofS, G-1; Maj Selma Herbert and Maj Jere Knight, ODWAC; Maj Elizabeth C. Smith, Training Div, HQ, ASF; and Maj Elizabeth E. Hardesty, HQ, AAF.
13 File 032, Preparation of WAC IN FACT for Presentation to Congress, RG 165. Also added to the group were Majs Marion Lichty, Dorothy Harms, and Irene Sorrough; Capt Katherine Stull; Lts Edith Ayers and Elizabeth Hatch; and WO Irene Scott.
14 Lieutenant colonels eligible for the position were Dorothea A. Coleman, Emily C. Davis, Mera Galloway, Katherine R. Goodwin, Mary A. Hallaren, Geraldine P. May, Kathleen McClure. Mary Louise Milligan, and Elizabeth H. Strayhorn. Memo, ODWAC to Executive Officer. G-1, WDGS, 15 Apr 46, file 320, Organization of the Office of the Director WAC, RG 165.
15 Memos, DWAC to ACofS, G-1, 25 Mar 46, sub: Recognition of Service in the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps for All Purposes, and Chief, Legislative Br, ACofS, G-1, to G-1, 4 Apr 46, sub: Recognition of Service in the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps for All Purposes (approved by Gen
Paul, 4 Apr 46), file 324.5, Legislation, RG 165; Memo, DWAC to G-1, 26 Feb 44, sub: Proposed Legislation Relative to
WAC, file
314, Legislation, RG 165.
16 Summary Sheet (SS), ACofS, G-1 to CofS and SecWar, 28 May 46, sub: Proposed Report-To Establish the Women's Army Corps in the Regular Army and in the Officers Reserve Corps and in the Enlisted Reserve Corps and for Other Purposes, and MFR, LtCol Kathleen McClure, Plans Br, ACofS, G-1, sub: Notes used by Col Boyce in Presenting the WAC RA Bill to the Chief of Staff on 1 Jun 47, file 320, Legislation for a Permanent WAC 1946, RG 165.
17 WD Dir 138, 14 May 46, and OD/PAD Organization Chart and Memo, Nov 47, CMH Library; PL 253, National Security Act of 1947, 80th Cong, lst sess, 26 Jul 47, and PL 216, Amendments to the National Security Act of 1947, 81st Cong, 1st sess, 10 Aug 49.
18 Memo, DWAC to G-1, 7 Dec 46, sub: Report of Staff Visit to Women's Army Corps Personnel in the European Theater, 24 October to 7 Dec 46, file 333.1, Inspections, RG 165; also see HQ, Third US Army, "History of the Second Year of the Occupation in Germany," ch 15, CMH Ref Br.
19 Rpt, WAC Staff Directors Conf, Mar 47, ODWAC Ref File, WAC Staff Advisers Conferences. CMH.
20 Memo, DWAC to Gen Paul, 13 May 47, sub: Vacancy of Deputy Director, WAC, file 320. Organization of the Office of the Director WAC, RG 165.
21 US Congress, Senate, Committee on Armed Services, Hearings on 5.1103, 5.1527, and
5.1641, 80th Cong, 1st sess, 2 Jul 47, p. 10. Document cited hereafter as
Hearings on . . . S.1641.
22 Treadwell, The Women's Army Corp, p. 748; Dwight D. Eisenhower, The
Papers of Dwigth D.
Eisenhower, the Chief of Staff, ed. Louis Galambos,vol.8
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ Press, 1978), p. 1734.
-
23 Hearings on . . . S.1641, 23 Jul 47, p. 101.
24 Ltr, CofS to Congressman Walter Gresham Andrews, 24 Jul 47, file 324.5, COS 1947, RG 165.
25 Memo, Dep DWAC to Chief, Liaison Planning, P&A Div, sub: P&A Division Newsletter, 21 Aug 47, file 461, Books, Publications, Periodicals, RG 165.
26 PL 239, Termination of Certain Emergency Measures, 80th Cong, 1st sess, 25 Jul 47.
27 Col Mary A. Hallaren, "A Message from the Director," WAC Newsletter 4(Jul 47):1. The sizable attrition in the WAC from the end of WW II-95,957, 30 Jun 45, to 17,896, 30 Jun 46-slowed during this period with only a 9,762 drop to 8,134 in June 1947, and a 2,782 drop to 5,352 in June 1948
(Strength of the Army Report [STM-30], 31 Dec 48, App. A).
28 "Strength Outside CONUS," Strength of the Army Report (STM-30), 30 Nov 47, p.13; Press Release, DA Public Affairs, 7 Nov 47, Director WAC Returns from Trip to Pacific.
29 HQ, USAF, Army-Air Force Agreements (USAF Pam, 15 Sep 47), sec. II, p. 65.
30 34 USC Sec 857, Naval Reserve and Marine Corps Reserve.
31 Ltr, Col Hallaren to LtCol Milligan, DepDir WAC, 14 May 48, file 032, Legislation, RG 165.
32 Other women directors were Capt. Hancock of the WAVES and Maj. Julia E. Hamblet of the Marine Corps Women's Reserve.
33 US Congress, House, Armed Services Subcommittee No. 3, Hearings on S 1641, 80th Cong, 2d sess,
Congressional Record, 18 Feb 48, p. 5565; cited hereafter as House Hearings on S 1641.
34 Ibid. The Officer Personnel Act of 1947 (PL 381, 80th Cong, 1st sess) lowered the number of years of service required for promotion to major, lieutenant colonel, colonel; provided review boards to select officers for promotion based on seniority and merit; forced attrition in the upper grades, requiring retirement at certain ages and lengths of service to provide opportunities for advancement for younger officers. LtCol George E. Baya, "New Promotion Law for Officers,"
Army Information Digest, Sep 47, pp. 13-16.
35 House Hearings on S 1641, Congressional Record, 18 Feb 48, p. 5566.
36 Ibid., p. 5590.
37 Ibid., 23 Feb 48, p. 5604.
38 Ibid.
39 Ibid., p. 5657.
40 Ibid., 18 Feb 48, p. 5622.
41 Ibid., p. 5624.
42 Ibid., 23 Feb 48, p. 5677.
43 Ibid., 3 Mar 48, pp. 5732-47.
44 Memo, Col Hallaren to Carl Vinson, 22 Mar 48, sub: Women in the Regular Services versus Women in the Reserve, file 326.2, Organized Reserve Corps, RG 165.
45 Congressional Record, 23 Mar 48, p. 7338.
46 Ibid., 6 Apr 48, p. 2411.
47 Ibid., pp. 4233-34.
48 "Women Power in National Defense," New York Herald Tribune, 26 Mar 48; "Why Bar Women?"
Christian Science Monitor, 29 Mar 48; "Women in the Services," New York
Times, 31 Mar 48.
49 DF, Chief, Procurement and Separations Br, PAD, DA, to DWAC, 3 Mar 48, sub: Plan for WAC in the ORC, and Comment 2, DWAC to Chief, Procurement and Separations Br, PAD, DA, 8 Mar 48, file 326.2, Organized Reserve Corps, RG 165.
50 This and all subsequent material pertaining to the full House debate on S 1641 is from the
Congressional Record, 21 Apr 48, pp. 4699-4831.
51 Ltr, Col Hallaren to Maj Harriet N. Moses, Adjutant, Seattle Port of Embarkation, 17 May 48, file 312.2, Correspondence with WAC Staff Directors, RG 165.
52 US Congress, House, Report of the Conference Committee on S.1641, HRpt 2051, 80th Cong, 2d sess, 25 May 48, p. 22.
53 Congressional Record, 2 Jun 48, p. 7052; PL 625, 80th Cong, 2d sess, 12 Jun 48.
54 DA Cir 183, 1948, Qualifications for Appointment in the WAC Regular Army; WD Cir 392, 1945; and DA Cirs 101 and 2190, 1947, Qualifications for Appointment of Men in the Regular Army, CMH Library.
55 DA SOs 252, 20 Dec 48; 77, 21 Apr 49; and 152, 5 Aug 49, CMH Library.
56 strength of the Army Report (STM-30), 31 Dec 45; Memo, DWAC for Chief, Procurement Br, D/PAD, DA, 17 Nov 47, sub: Appointment of Warrant Officers, AUS, file 320, Organization of the WAC, RG 165; DA GO 29, 30 Aug 50, Warrant Officer Lineal List, and DA Cir 320, 1948, CMH Library.
57 Ltr, DWAC to Maj Mary M. Pugh, WAC Staff Adv, Third US Army, Fort McPherson, GA, Jul 48, file 312.2, Correspondence with Staff Directors, RG 165.
58 DA Cir 188, 1948, and SR 625-120-1, 9 Sep 49, Enlistment and Reenlistment in the WAC Regular Army and Regular Air Force, CMH Library.
59 DA Cir 191, Sec II, 29 Jun 48, CMH Library.
60 SR 140-5-1, Dee 48, Reserve Officers Except General Officers, and SR 140-106-5, 5 Oct 50, Appointment of Warrant Officers in the Organized Reserve Corps, CMH Library; PL 604, Army and Air Force Authorization Act of 1950, 81st Cong, 2d sess, 10 Jul 50.
61 Rpt, WAC Staff Advisors Conf, Sep 49, p. 110, ODWAC Ref File, WAC Staff Advisers Conferences, CMH. Although the original spelling, "advisor," was not changed to "adviser" until 1958, "adviser" has been used in this study except where "advisor" appears in quoted material, titles, or source material.
62 SR 140-107-1, 20 Oct 49, Enlistment and Reenlistment, Enlisted Reserve Corps. Change 1, 12 May 50, permitted enlistment of women without previous service. Change 3, 19 Sep 50, prohibited the enlistment or retention of women with dependents or children under 18.
63 Strength of the Army Report (STM-30), 30 June 50.