Endnotes for Chapter VIII

1 The top candidates for DWAC by order of seniority were lieutenant colonels Emily C. Gorman, Hortense M. Boutell, Lillian Harris, Lucile G. Odbert, and Anne E. Sweeney

2 Colonel Odbert served as deputy until Jan 63, when she reached age 53, the mandatory retirement age under existing laws. She retired on 28 Feb 63 and was awarded the Legion of Merit for the second time in her Army career. LtCol E. Marie Baird served as Plans and Policies Officer, ODWAC, 1963-1964, then was transferred to the Personnel Services Division, ODCSPER, where she developed the Army Community Services Program and was its chief until 1966. LtCol Maxene M. Baker replaced LtCol Baird in ODWAC. LtCol Mildred M. Ferguson was assigned ODWAC executive officer in 1965, replacing LtCol Carol Williams. LtCol Frances Weir replaced Colonel Baker in 1966. From 1963 to 1967 SgtMaj Frances M. Tait was administrative NCO.

3 Ruth Dean, Washington Star, 20 Mar 62.

4 ODCSPER, Annual Historical Summary, FY 1963, WAC Section, pp. 161-64, CMH Ref Br. 

5 PL 736, 87th Cong, 2d sess, 3 Oct 62.

6 ODCSPER Annual Historical Summary, FY 1963; Facts on File Yearbook 1962, pp. 339-40, 344, 361-65, 373-78, 385-87, 397-99, 409-10.

7 ODCSPER, Annual Historical Summary, FY 1963, CMH Ref Br; Strength of the Army Report (DCSPER 46), 30 Jun 62 and 30 Jun 63.

8 Maj John O. Thisler, "Getting the Show on the Road," Army Information Digest, Nov 57, pp. 3640; Rpt, WAC Staff Advisers Conf, Mar 63, ODWAC Ref File, WAC Staff Advisers Conferences, CMH.

9 WAC Exhibit Team, Biannual Reports to the Chief of Information, DA, 1963, ODWAC Ref File, Exhibit Team, CMH.

10 Ibid., 1963-1969. The costumes, uniforms, and special equipment used by the exhibit unit are in the WAC Museum, Fort McClellan, AL.

11 Ltr, CofS to Maj Coms, 7 Aug 59, sub: Retention Objectives, ODWAQ Ref File, I Spaces, CMH.

12 AR 601-210, 27 Apr 59, Qualifications for Enlistment and Reenlistment in the Regular Army, CMH Library.

13 Staff Study, Procurement Br, EDP (Maj Jennie W. Fea), 13 Feb 63, sub: "Reenlistment of WAC Personnel," ODWAC Ref File, Studies, CMH.

14 Ibid.

15 Memo, Maj J. W. Fea, Procurement Br, to DepDir, EPD, 31 May 63, sub: Briefing Reenlistment of WAC Personnel, ODWAC Ref File, Studies, Reenlistment of WAC Personnel, CMH.

16 DA Msg 88402, 5 May 64 (ODWAC Ref File, Reenlistment, CMH) opened the 16 repair and maintenance MOS. The NCOs assigned as WAC NCO Assignment Adviser, EPD, were SgtMaj Betty L. Adams (1966-69), MSgt Mary K. Johnson (1969-71), SgtMaj Grace L. Mueller (1971-73), SgtMaj Mildred C. Kelly (1973-75). In 1975 after a reorganization, the functions of this position were absorbed by another division in EPD.

17 Ltr, HQ, Third Army, to CONARC, 23 May 62, sub: Employee Suggestion No. M-632-62, DA Form 2440 and 1045, and 1st Ind CONARC (ATPER-MC 23 May 62) 320.2j, 22 Jun 62, to TAG, DA; DF, EPD (Requirements Office) to TAG, 2 Aug 62, sub: Plan for Improved Operations of the U.S. Army Replacement System for WAC Enlisted Personnel; DF, DWAC to Dir, EPD, 16 Aug 62, sub: Employee Suggestion. All in ODWAC Ref File, I Spaces, CMH.

18 MFR, LtCol Odbert, Dep DWAC, 17 Jul 62, ODWAC Ref File, I Spaces, CMH.

19 Change 1, 20 Jun 63, to AR 600-100, 8 Jul 58, WAC Regulations, par. 5d(2)(d). Up to this time, only WAC recruiters and a few senior NCOs could be assigned where there was no WAC detachment.

20 AR 614-185, 22 Nov 57, Requisitions for Officers, CMH Library.

21 DF, ODWAC to DCSPER, 18 Feb 63, sub: Plan for Improved Operation of U.S. Army Replacement System in WAC Personnel, ODWAC Ref File, I Spaces, CMH.

22 DA Cir 616-1, 25 Aug 64, Improved Operation of U.S. Army Replacement System for Enlisted WAC Personnel; Ltr, DCSPER to CONUS Army and overseas commanders, 22 Dec 64, sub: Reflection of New Identity Code for Positions to be Filled by Either Enlisted Men or Enlisted Women in Tables of Distribution; AR 310-41, 30 Oct 64, Tables of Distribution; and Memo, DWAC to WAC Staff Advisers, 1 Oct 65. All in ODWAC Ref File, I Spaces, CMH.

23 CSGPA 45 (OPO 45) Rpts, Inventory and Projection of Army Strength, 30 Jun 61 and 30 Jun 66. Numbered CSGPA 45 in 1961, the report was renumbered OPO-45, same title, in 1962.

24 AR 310-49, 2 Mar 70, The Army Authorization and Documents System (TAADS), CMH Library.

25 Ltr, ACSFOR (DAFE-OTD-AC) to Maj Coms, 29 Jun 72, sub: Expansion of the Women's Army Corps, ODWAC Ref File, WAC Expansion 1972, CMH.

26 Strength of the Army Report (DCSPER 46), 31 Dec 74.

27 SR 420-105-1, 27 Sep 49, Buildings and Structure, and AR 420-70, 3 Feb 55, as revised, CMH Library; Treadwell, The Women's Army Corps, pp. 515-16.

28 AR 37-104, 2 Dec 57, Pay and Allowances for Military Personnel, as revised, CMH Library.

29 PL 241, 85th Cong, 1st sess, 30 Aug 57; DOD Directive 4165.34, 26 Feb 58, as revised, CMH Library. Also see AR 210-45, 16 Sep 48, Family Housing; AR 210-10, 8 Jun 54, Installations and Administration; AR 210-14, 10 Dec 58, Quarters and Rental Allowances, as revised; AR 210-16, 30 Jun 67, Bachelor Housing-Officer, Enlisted, and Civilian Employees, as revised.

30 Ltr, TAG to Maj Corns and Chiefs of Technical Services, 25 Mar 53, sub: Housing Facilities for Women in the Service, ODWAC Ref File, Housing, CMH; AR 420-70, 3 Feb 55, Repairs and Utilities, and DOD Directive 4165.43, 28 Jun 63, Provision of Furnishings in Personal Quarters, Sec VI B.1, CMH Library.

31 AR 210-10, 8 Jun 54 and Change 1, 27 Oct 54, Installations and Administration, CMH Library. Male officers in BOQs had similar living arrangements.

32 Rpt, DACOWITS, Background on Enlisted Housing 1951-1964, 19 Jun 64, ODWAC Ref File, Housing, CMH.

33 PL 132, 88th Cong, 1st sess, 2 Oct 63. Prior to this, the Military Pay Act of 1963, bachelor officers received no allowance for off-post quarters if housing, adequate or inadequate, was available on post.

34 Rpt, ASD(M) Task Force, Bachelor Accommodations, May 66, ODWAC Ref File, Housing, CMH; DOD Directive 4270.1, 16 Nov 67, Construction Criteria Manual; AR 415-31, 21 Feb 67, Basic Facilities and Space Allowances for Peacetime Missions at Army Installations; DOD Directive 4165.47, 6 Apr 67, Adequacy Assignment, Utilization, and Inventory of Bachelor Housing; and AR 210-16, 30 Jun 67, Bachelor Housing-Officer and Civilian Employees. All in CMH Library.

35 Rpt, DCOWITS, Meeting of the AD HOC Committee on Continuing Projects, 16 May 63, ODWAC Ref File, Housing, CMH.

36 Randall Shoemaker, "Better BOQs Seen in Latest DA Plan," Army Times, 7 Aug 63.

37 US Congress, House, Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Military Construction for FY 1965, Hearings, Military Construction Program, Part 1, Department of the Army, 88th Cong, 2d sess, 1964, p. 192-3; PL 576, 88th Cong, 2d sess, 2 Sep 64. That year, Congress provided $2.4 million for the Tri-Service Women's Barracks; for FY 66, it added another $278,000.

38 Interv, Col Gorman with the author, 9 Jun 80. 

39 Ltr, Maj Nelda Ruth Cade to author, 7 Aug 80.

40 Memo, DWAC to Chief, Coordination Branch, ODCSPER, 4 Feb 64, sub: Inquiry from General Accounting Office Representatives, and Ltrs, Assoc Dir, GAO, to SecArmy, 3 Mar 64, no sub, and Under SecArmy to Assoc Dir, GAO, 21 Apr 64, ODWAC Ref File, Investigations, CMH. GAO, headed by comptroller general of the US, provides Congress with audits and reports on financial and management activities in the federal government.

41 Draft Rpt, GAO, Dec 64, sub: Waste of Funds Resulting from Failure of Majority of Enlisted Women to Complete First Tour of Duty, ODWAC Ref File, Investigations, CMH.

42 Ibid., p. 20.

43 Memo, SecAF to ASD(M), 12 Jan 65, sub: GAO Report-Failure of Enlisted Women to Complete First Tour of Duty (DOD, OSD Case No. 2201), ODWAC Ref File, GAO Reports, CMH.

44 Memo, Dir, Women in the Navy, Capt Viola B. Sanders, to Chief of Naval Personnel, 7 Jan 65. sub: GAO Draft Report on Failure of Majority of Enlisted Women to Complete First Tour of Duty, ODWAC Ref File, GAO Reports, CMH.

45 Memo, Under SecArmy (Personnel Management) to Dep Asst SecDef (DASD), 27 Jan 65, sub: GAO Report-Failure of Majority of Enlisted Women to Complete First Tour of Duty, ODWAC Ref File, GAO Reports, CMH.

46 Ltr, ASD(M) to Harold H. Rubin, Assoc Dir, GAO, 2 Mar 65, no subject, ODWAC Ref File. GAO Reports, CMH.

47 Final Rpt, GAO, Review of Extent of Completion of First Tours of Duty by Enlisted Women in the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps, 31 May 66, ODWAC Ref File, GAO Reports, CMH.

48 Memo, Dep Under SecArmy to ASD(M), 30 Jun 66, sub: GAO Final Report-Extent of Completion of First Tours of Duty by Enlisted Women in the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps (OSD Case #2201), and Ltr, ASD(M) to Hon Elmer B. Staats, Comptroller General of the United States, 8 Sep 66, ODWAC Ref File, GAO Reports, CMH.

49 DA Msg 72182, 29 Jun 65; Change 5, 25 Jun 65, to AR 635-210, 17 Feb 61, Discharge of Enlisted Personnel for Marriage, Pregnancy and Parenthood; DA Msg 77037, 20 Jun 66; AR 635200, 15 Jul 66, Personnel Separations, Enlisted Personnel; Strength of the Army Report (DCSPER 46), Part 11, Gains and Losses, for 30 Jun 69. All in CMH Library. Change 10, 12 May 69, to AR 635-200 reinstated discharge on marriage.

50 DA Ltr to Maj Corns, 3 Apr 63, sub: Proposed Screening System for Selected WAC Applicants, and DA Ltr to CG, CONARC, 5 Dec 63, same sub, ODWAC Ref File, Recruit Screening, CMH; Rpt, WAC Staff Advisers Conf, Mar 63, p. 5-6, ODWAC Ref File, WAC Staff Advisers Conference, CMH.

51 Rpt, WAC Staff Advisers Conf, 1964, p. 7, ODWAC Ref File, WAC Staff Advisers Conference, CMH; AR 601-210, 16 Sep 64, Qualifications and Procedures for Processing Applicants for Enlistment and Reenlistment in the Regular Army, and Strength of the Army Report (DCSPER 46), Part 11, Gains and Losses, 30 Jun 69, CMH Library.

52 Memo, DWAC to DCSPER, 23 Sep 63, sub: Officer and Enlisted Grade Structure for the Women's Army Corps as of 30 June 1965, ODWAC Ref File, Removing Promotion Restrictions, CMH.

53 DF, Actg Dir, Military Personnel, to DWAC, 16 Sep 63, sub: Officer and Enlisted Grade Structure for the Women's Army Corps as of 30 June 1965, ODWAC Ref File, Removing Promotion Restrictions, CMH.

54 Memo, Dir, Manpower, to DCSPER, I1 Dec 63, sub: Officer and Enlisted Grade Structure for the Women's Army Corps as of 30 June 1965, ODWAC Ref File, Removing Promotion Restrictions, CMH.

55 DCSPER's nonconcurrence, dated 30 Jan 64, was added at the bottom of Memo, DWAC to DCSPER, 23 Sep 63, sub: Officer and Enlisted Grade Structure for the Women's Army Corps as of 30 June 1965, ODWAC Ref File, Removing Promotion Restrictions, CMH.

56 Ltrs, CG, USCONARC, to DCSPER, 5 Jan 65, sub: Recommendation for Colonel Authorization for Commandant, US WAC School/Commanding Officer, US WAC Center, and HQ DA TAGO (DCSPER, AGAO-CC, 5 Jan 65), to CG, USCONARC, 22 Jan 65, ODWAC Ref File, Removing Promotion Restrictions, CMH.

57 Ltrs, LtCol Rosa Lee E. Brown, USAR, Columbia, SC, ROA Chapter, to LtCol Mary E. Kelly, Dep DWAC, 6 Jan 65 and 4 Feb 65, and Resolution No. 9, Reserve Officers Association of the United States, sub: Equal Promotion Opportunity for Women in the Services, adopted by the National Convention 11 Jun 65, ODWAC Ref File, Removing Promotion Restrictions, CMH.

58 "Lady Colonels," Journal of the Armed Forces, 17 Jul 65, p. 4; DA SO 151, par. 10, 7 Jun 65, CMH Library; Memo, DWAC to DCSPER, 28 May 65, sub: Officer Grade Structure for the Women's Army Corps as of 30 June 1965, ODWAC Ref File, Removing Promotion Restrictions, CMH.

59 SS, DWAC through DCSPER to CofS, 11 Jun 65, sub: Proposed Revised Officer Grade Structure for the Women's Army Corps for FY 65 and FY 66, ODWAC Ref File, Removing Promotion Restrictions, CMH. The Career Incentive Act of 1957 (PL 155, 85th Cong, 1st sess, 21 Aug 57) had authorized nurses other than the chief of the ANC to be colonels; on 30 Jun 64, the ANC had 7 colonels.

60 Col Gorman, briefing notes, mtg with Vice CofS, 20 Jul 65; SS, DWAC through DCSPER to CofS, 11 Jun 65, sub: Proposed Revised Officer Grade Structure for the Women's Army Corps for FY 65 and FY 66, Approved-VC/S US Army 20 Jul 65; White House Fact Sheet, 27 Jul 65, sub: FY 66 Officer Grade Structure for the Women's Army Corps, signed by MajGen Philip F. Lindeman, Actg DCSPER. All in ODWAC Ref File, Removing Promotion Restrictions, CMH.

61 DF, DWAC to Staff Management Division, Office of the Chief of Staff (SMD OCofSA), 26 Jul 65, sub: Officer Grade Authorization, ODWAC Ref File, Removing Promotion Restrictions, CMH.

62 DF, SMD OCofSA to TJAG, 30 Jul 65, sub: Officer Grade Authorization, and Comment 2, SMD OCofSA to DWAC, 7 Sep 65, ODWAC Ref File, Removing Promotion Restrictions, CMH.

63 Memo, DWAC to Vice CofS through DCSPER, 24 Aug 65, sub: Proposed Officer Grade Structure for the Women's Army Corps for FY 65 and FY 66, and Comment, SMD OCofSA to DWAC, 27 Sep 65, ODWAC Ref File, Removing Promotion Restrictions, CMH.

64 Interv, BrigGen Hoisington with the author, 3 Nov 80.

65 Memo, DWAC to Vice CofS through DCSPER, 27 Sep 65, sub: Proposed Revised Officer Grade Structure for the Women's Army Corps for FY 65 and FY 66, ODWAC Ref File, Removing Promotion Restrictions, CMH.

66 DF, DWAC to ODCSPER directorates, 30 Sep 65, sub: Promotion of WAC Officers to the Temporary Grade of Colonel, Replies to this DF, and SS, DCSPER/DWAC, 29 Dec 65, sub: Promotion of ANC, AMSC, and WAC Officers, ODWAC Ref File, Removing Promotion Restrictions, CMH.

67 DFs, TJAG to DCSPER, 3 Feb 66, sub: ANC, AMSC, and WAC Officer Promotions, and, Surgeon General to DCSPER, 3 Feb 66, same sub; Addendum to SS, 10 Feb 66, same sub; Memo, Dep Under SecArmy (M&RA) to Vice CofS, 28 Mar 66, same sub. All in ODWAC Ref File, Removing Promotion Restrictions, CMH.

68 DACOWITS, Recommendations and Suggestions, Fall Meeting, 10-13 Oct 65, ODWAC Ref File, Removing Promotion Restrictions, CMH.

69 Memo, ASD(M) to the Secretaries of the Military Departments, 28 Mar 66, sub: Legislation Concerning Women Officer Personnel, ODWAC Ref File, Removing Promotion Restrictions, CMH.

70 "To amend Title 10, United States Code to authorize the President to suspend certain provisions of law relating to women in the Armed Forces, and for other purposes," HR 14208, 89th Cong, 2d sess, 31 Mar 66; Ltr, Strom Thurmond, USS, to LtCol Rosa Lee E. Brown, 30 Mar 66; Ltr, Thurmond to Hon. Thomas D. Morris, ASD(M), 30 Mar 66; and Ltr, Morris to Thurmond, 5 Apr 66. All in ODWAC Ref File, Removing Promotion Restrictions, CMH.

71 Memo, Dep Under SecArmy (M&RA) to ASD(M), 3 May 66, sub: Legislation Concerning Women Officer Personnel; Ltr, Dep SecDef Cyrus Vance, for SecDef, to Hon John W. McCormack, Speaker, House of Representatives, and to Hon Carl Hayden, President Pro Tempore, Senate, 15 Jun 66; HR 16000, 89th Cong, 2d sess, introduced 28 Jun 66, Union Calendar No. 970. All in ODWAC Ref File, Removing Promotion Restrictions, CMH. PL 845, 84th Cong, 2d sess, 30 Jul 56, had enabled women to join the medical departments of the Army and Air National Guard.

72 US Congress, House, Armed Services Committee, Subcommittee No. 1, Hearings on HR 16000, 89th Cong, 2d sess, 21 Sep 66, p. 7.

73 Ibid., p. 4.

74 Office Chief of Legislation, Recap of Status of Legislation, 5 and 23 Oct: 06.

75 Interv, Col Gorman with the author, 9 Jun 80; US Congress, House Armed Scrvices Committee, Subcommittee #1, Consideration of HR 5894 to Amend Titles 10, 32, and 39, United States Code, to Remove Restrictions on the Careers of Female Officers in the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Cops. and for Other Purposes, 20 Apr 67, pp. 384-85.

76 US Congress, House, Armed Services Committee, Hearings Held September 21, 1966, and April 20, 1967, To Accompany HR 5894, HRpt 216, 90th Cong, 1st sess, 27 Apr 67; "Women Officers Bill Approved by House," Journal of the Armed Forces, 6 May 67, p. 1.

77 US Congress, Senate, Armed Services Committee, Hearings Before the Committee on Armed Services on HR 4772, HR 4903, and HR 5894, 90th Cong, 1st sess, 19 Oct 67, p. 45.

78 US Congress, Senate, Calendar of Business, Thursday October 26, 1976, 90th Cong, 1st sess, p. 8.

79 Press Release, Office of the White House Press Sec, "Remarks of the President upon Signing HR 5894, the Women Officers Legislation," 8 Nov 67.

80 DA GO 35, 19 Aug 66, Sec 1, CMH Library. The Distinguished Service Medal (DSM) is the highest award given for meritorious service. Colonel Hobby had been the only other WAC to receive the DSM to that date.

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