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Herbert Van de Sompel Thomas Krichel Michael L. Nelson Patrick Hochstenbach Victor M. Lyapunov Kurt Maly Mohammad Zubair Mohamed Kholief Xiaoming Liu Heath O'Connell |
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AbstractA meeting was held in Santa Fe, New Mexico, October 21-22, 1999, to generate discussion and consensus about interoperability of publicly available scholarly information archives. The invitees represented several well known e-print and report archive initiatives, as well as organizations with interests in digital libraries and the transformation of scholarly communication. The central goal of the meeting was to agree on recommendations that would make the creation of end-user services -- such as scientific search engines and linking systems -- for data originating from distributed and dissimilar archives easier. The Universal Preprint Service (UPS) Prototype was developed in preparation for this meeting. As a proof-of-concept of a multi-discipline digital library of publicly available scholarly material, the Prototype harvested nearly 200,000 records from several different archives and created an attractive end-user environment. This paper describes the results of the project. This is done in two ways. On the one hand, the experimental end-user service that was created during the project is illustrated. On the other hand, the lessons that the project team drew from the experience of creating the Prototype are presented. The UPS Prototype project: team, goals, motivation and relation to the Santa Fe ConventionThe main aim of the meeting of the Open Archives initiative (Ginsparg, Luce and Van de Sompel 1999) was to agree on recommendations that would make the creation of end-user services -- such as scientific search engines and linking systems -- for data originating from distributed and dissimilar e-print archives easier. The UPS Prototype project was developed in preparation for this meeting. The prototype was a feasibility study for the creation of cross-archive end-user services. With the premise that users would very much prefer to have access to a federation of digital libraries, the main aim of the project was the identification of the key issues in actually creating an experimental end-user service for data originating from important existing, production archives. It was expected that a better understanding of the problems would facilitate the Santa Fe discussions on making recommendations to archives regarding their openness to cross-archive services. This paper describes the most fundamental problems that occurred during the project, and looks at those that are related to the specific nature of e-print collections. The project was also a testbed for the digital library technologies that were selected to create the prototype. These issues are out of the scope of this paper but are described at length in a companion paper (Van de Sompel, Krichel, Nelson, et al. 2000). The UPS Prototype project was sponsored by the Research Library of the Los Alamos National Laboratory and by the WoPEc project of the JISC funded e-Lib program. The coordinators of the project were Herbert Van de Sompel, Thomas Krichel and Michael Nelson, each of whom brought additional researchers into the project. Most of them never met in person; project communication has mainly been conducted via a list server. Work started around the end of June 1999 and was finalized with a report on the project results given by the coordinating trio as the opening presentation for the Santa Fe Meeting of the Open Archives initiative on October 21, 1999. Experience developed during the prototype was one of the foundations of the concepts brought forward in the Santa Fe Convention (Van de Sompel and Lagoze 2000; Open Archives initiative 2000) that formalizes the recommendations resulting from the Santa Fe discussions. The aim of the prototype was to demonstrate a multidisciplinary end-user service that covers a variety of e-print and reports services, as a special instance of a cross-archive service. Most e-print and reports services have a focus in a specific discipline. Beyond the communities of scholars that are aware of the existence of discipline-specific points of entry to e-print information, little effort has been made to serve the communities of libraries, students and interdisciplinary researchers for whom multidisciplinary services are important tools. In addition to increasing the accessibility of e-print data, the existence of such a service helps raise the awareness of alternative communication mechanisms outside a core group that no longer needs convincing. The amount of cross-archive end-user services is limited (see, for instance, Plümer and Schwänzl 1996; Plümer and Schwänzl 1997; Canessa and Pastore 1996; Canessa 1996; Powell 1998; Powell and Fox 1998). Most of them are prototypal and do not compare in scale to what the UPS Prototype set out to realize. The Astrophysics Data System is a noteworthy exception. Most of the services are discipline-specific and none of them works across as many initiatives as the UPS Prototype. This made the UPS Prototype project a challenging, realistic feasibility study, since it anticipated that future end-user services will have to deal with the complexity caused by an environment in which discipline-oriented as well as institution-based -- hence multidisciplinary -- archives with dissimilar architectures will co-exist. The archives included in the UPS Prototype projectThe UPS Prototype project set out to create end-user services for data originating from some major archive initiatives: arXiv.org (commonly known as the the Los Alamos E-Print Archives), Cognitive Sciences Eprint Archive (CogPrints), the Digital Library for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), the Networked Computer Science Technical Reference Library ( NCSTRL), the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD) and Research Papers in Economics (RePEc). Table 1 provides links to descriptions of these initiatives as well as to their end-user service(s).
Table 1: Links to the e-print archive initiatives for which data is involved in the UPS Prototype project These archive initiatives are dissimilar in many senses, as illustrated in Table 2 and Table 3:
Table 2: Characteristics of archives involved in the UPS Prototype project
The phases of the UPS Prototype ProjectThe UPS Prototype project aimed to create a cross-archive search facility with an overlaid linking service. The different phases leading to the creation of the prototype were:
Data gatheringAt a first stage of the project, data was collected from the originating archive initiatives. This data was stored in a new repository that was the subject of the end-user services created. For each of the archives, the data was collected at a fixed moment in time, around July 1999. Updates to the originating archives are not reflected in the new repository: the UPS prototype builds on static dumps of archive-data. Only the metadata was collected; the full-content associated with that metadata was left in the originating archives and hence, the end-user service points at the full-content there. Table 3 presents some figures related to the data harvested for the project. The "Records" column shows the total amount of records resulting from the data-gathering phase for each archive initiative. The "Records in UPS" shows the amount that made it into the Prototype. The "Records linked to full content" shows for how many of the UPS records an associated full-text file exists.
Table 3: Figures regarding the amount of collected and processed records (*) Only data from NDLTD Virginia Tech is involved in the experiment. Metadata conversionThe metadata collected during the data gathering phase is expressed in a variety of metadata formats. There are as many metadata formats as there are archives. The ReDIF version 1 format (Krichel 2000b) -- as used in the RePEc initiative -- was chosen to be the common metadata format for the UPS Prototype project and all data was converted into this format. Consequently, conversion procedures had to perform a mapping of non-ReDIF metadata to the ReDIF format. The overall quality of the metadata available for the creation of the user services undoubtedly has an important impact on the quality and types of services that can be created. Therefore, during the conversion to ReDIF, important efforts are undertaken to augment the quality of the metadata. The most important interventions made to the metadata relate to:
While the above illustrates that important steps were taken to try and achieve an appropriate level of metadata quality, the short project time frame prevented the creation of an optimal metadata collection. Creation of SODA archivesOnce the input data is converted to ReDIF, it is moved to archives with a Smart Object Dumb Archive (SODA) architecture (Maly, Nelson, and Zubair 1999). The fundamental concept underlying such archives is the transfer of intelligence away from the digital library towards the data objects in the digital library. In a SODA environment, the data objects are called buckets. Their features are described in detail in (Nelson, et al. 1999). Buckets are object-oriented, aggregate,intelligent digital objects optimized for use in digital libraries. Buckets are designed to be self-contained and mobile, carrying inside themselves all the code and functionality required for operation. For instance, buckets do not need digital library software to display their content: they carry the software required to self-display their own content. Communication with buckets occurs through bucket methods, which are invoked using HTTP as a transport protocol. While the bucket concept originates in the NCSTRL+ research project (Nelson et al. 1998), it is a general concept that is independent of digital library protocols and systems. Individual SODA archives were created for arXiv, CogPrints, NACA, NCSTRL, NDLTD and RePEc. The ReDIF metadata files are used as seeds for the creation of buckets. Screencam 1 as well as Figure 4 & Figure 7 -- in the Project Results section -- demonstrate some of the methods available for buckets in the UPS environment. Screencam 3 and Screencam 4 show buckets being approached via the NCSTRL+ user interface and how they are integrated with the SFX linking service. Creation of NCSTRL+ end-user search facilityIt was decided to use the NCSTRL+ environment for the creation of the end-user search facility. NCSTRL+ is an extension of the Dienst architecture (Lagoze, Shaw, Davis, et al. 1995) that supports buckets and clusters. Clusters provide a way to partition a dataset along predefined metadata axes. Each cluster divides the dataset into virtual sub-collections. By building on its Dienst heritage, the UPS search interface provides a simple and advanced search interface. The interface was redesigned in order to make it more aesthetically pleasing and comprehensible than the original NCSTRL/NCSTRL+ interface. The simple search option provides a keyword search across the entire bibliographic metadata set. The advanced search provides fielded searches for title, author and abstract. It also provides the capability to restrict searches to specific clusters. Search results can be resorted according to any cluster without the need to redo the actual search. The search results show brief information from metadata records. Selection of a search result leads the user outside the NCSTRL+ environment, because it causes the bucket corresponding to the search result to display itself. Addition of a SFX linking serviceTo link references between archives, the UPS prototype end-user service interfaces to the SFX context-sensitive linking service. This provides a concrete illustration of integrating an e-print environment with other information resources, which is an important aspect of e-print interoperability (Harnad 1999). The details of the SFX framework are described in (Van de Sompel and Hochstenbach 1999a); (Van de Sompel and Hochstenbach 1999b) and (Van de Sompel and Hochstenbach 1999c). The fundamental aim of the SFX linking framework is to link information within digital library collections in a fully dynamic way. When an information system is interoperable with SFX -- SFX-aware --, it presents each search result with an accompanying SFX-button. When the SFX-button of a search result is clicked, a list of services that are relevant for this result is dynamically generated. The services SFX generates are context-sensitive. The services will reflect the nature of the digital library collection that is accessible to the user: the service links will point back into the collection of the user's institution. In the UPS Prototype project the digital object buckets -- rather than the NCSTRL+ service -- are SFX-aware. This turns out to be a very interesting feature. For instance, when a bucket contains metadata describing both an e-print and a formal publication (see Metadata Conversion) it will autonomously decide to display two SFX-buttons -- one for the e-print and one for the publication. As can be seen from Screencam 3, Screencam 4 and Figure 7 to Figure 13 -- in the Project Results section -- the two buttons may generate quite different services when clicked. In the course of the UPS Prototype project, the SLAC/SPIRES system has been made SFX-aware. SLAC/SPIRES is a free citation database for high-energy physics. It contains all the references from published papers and e-prints in that research domain. SLAC/SPIRES can be used to dynamically request a list of all references of a publication, using metadata about the publication as parameters. This service is integrated in SFX. When a user requests extended services for buckets describing a high-energy physics e-print, one of the services allows him to get the reference list of the e-print from SLAC/SPIRES. But since SLAC/SPIRES is SFX-aware, all references returned by SLAC/SPIRES are equipped with an SFX-button, allowing the user to request extended services for each them. Since such references are to both published and e-print material, an attractive integration of the e-print environment and the traditional scholarly communication environment is achieved, using the references as an intermediate stage. Summary of the problems arising during the creation of the UPS PrototypeConstruction of this prototype demonstrated several issues that are likely to recur in any attempt to build a federation among independently managed archives:
Project resultsAs a result of the UPS Prototype project, an experimental cross-archive end-user service was presented at the Santa Fe Meeting of the Open Archives initiative. At the time of writing, it is available at http://ups.cs.odu.edu and will remain online for an uncertain period of time. For archival purposes, the concrete results of the project are illustrated in the Appendix by means of Lotus Screencam movies and screendumps that show how a user navigates the multidisciplinary UPS Prototype environment. The recommendations made to the Open Archives groupThe most important results of the Prototype project are the lessons learned while actually doing the project and the insights gained in the problems related to the creation of cross-archive services. These insights -- briefly summarized above -- enable the identification of some crucial areas where work is required in order to more easily accommodate the creation of third party services. As a result of the UPS Prototype project, the coordinating trio drew some conclusions and presented them to the Open Archives group, as a means to facilitate the discussions at the Santa Fe meeting. A strong distinction between data provider and service provider As can be seen from Table 2, all archive initiatives that are part of the project have a storage facility and a submission mechanism. Most of them also have a native user-service, while they lack appropriate features for data-extraction. This typical architecture is represented in Figure 1. In order to enable the easy creation of third-party services, this concept needs to be revised. To enable federation with other archives, the essential functions of an archive must be:
A native end-user service remains a possible, but not an essential, function of an archive. The proposed open archive architecture is represented in Figure 2. Figure 1: Typical archive architecture Figure 2: Open archive architecture As a result of such a reorientation, a scenario emerges in which the maintainers of archives can be seen as data providers that concentrate on the crucial functions of data-submission and long-term storage of submitted data. Minimally, these data providers also enable third-party service providers to create end-user services based on their data. In some cases, they fully rely on them for this. This concept is represented in Figure 3. Figure 3: Data providers and service providers
A harvesting approach with rich harvesting criteria As a mechanism for data-access by service providers, a harvesting approach rather than a distributed search scenario is proposed. The main justification for this approach is the ease with which these are able to be part of a highly distributed environment. Web-harvesting tools have sufficiently demonstrated this property that will become crucial in anticipation of a situation in which thousands of archives, both discipline-specific and institution-based, may become available. Harvesting approaches have the additional attractive property that they allow data enhancing procedures to be run on the collected data. Enhancements such as normalization, augmentation and restructuring are applied to data originating from different sources in order to create consistent end-user services. In a harvesting scenario, these activities can be dealt with in a batch manner. Distributed searching solutions may ultimately develop the same degree of scalability and flexibility, but given the current status of research, that may not happen on the short to mid-term time range that the Open Archives initiative has set itself to outline and implement a workable set of interoperability recommendations. For this purpose, data providers need to support a harvesting interface enabling service providers to periodically poll the archives to collect data that is relevant for their end-user services. Such end-user services can create their identity in a variety of ways. Services can be discipline-oriented, multidisciplinary, regional, only for discovery of certain types of material, etc. Therefore, a harvesting interface should support a variety of harvesting criteria such as Accession Date; Publication Date; Subject Classification; Author Affiliation. A framework that brings together data providers and service providers An organizational framework needs to be established to bring data providers and service providers together. Such a framework must establish trust between the parties involved, promote a spirit of collaboration and provide access to information that is required for all parties to operate successfully in the data-provider/service-provider space. The framework needs to address:
A concrete proposal concentrating on the terms and conditions was prepared and presented to the Open Archives group (Krichel 1999). A universal unique identifier namespace for e-prints There is a need for a shared universal namespace for e-print identifiers just as they exist for journals (ISSN), books (ISBN) and articles, e.g., Astrophysics Data System Bibcode (Schmitz et al. 1995), DOI (Paskin 1999) and PubMed ID (NCBI 1998). Such identifiers become crucial as a means to keep track of the provenance of e-print data when it starts to penetrate into scholarly resources outside the native archive. This is important in de-duplication processes, in linking services, for citations and citation databases as well as to track the lifecycle of a research effort from the e-print, to the publication, to citations. In addition, namespaces for metadata-elements that are important as a harvesting criterion -- author affiliation, discipline -- are desirable. Metadata The lack of quality of the metadata available in the UPS Prototype project has an important, baleful influence on the creation of cross-archive services as well as on the quality of services that can be created. In order to solve this problem, data enhancement procedures need to be run to improve the quality of existing metadata in archives. In parallel with that, an exploration of submission techniques is required, in order to identify ways in which the data quality can be improved at the source, without demotivating authors by requiring them to submit material with lengthy and complex submission mechanisms. The addition to the e-print metadata of the references made in the e-print is desirable. As illustrated via e-prints of the high energy sub-archive of arXiv, for which references are available in the SLAC/SPIRES database, doing so can create a seamless integration of the e-print environment with other scholarly information resources. Such integration is attractive from a navigational point of view. But even more important is that this navigational power can help to level the perceived difference in hierarchy between the established scholarly communication mechanisms and communication via e-print archives. Ultimately, the availability of references in the metadata can also lead to the creation of citation databases services such as the Universal Citation Database envisioned by Cameron (Cameron 1997), in which scholarly work is included without regard to the venue in which it has been published. Again, the leveling power of such services can be an important tool in the transformation of scholarly communication. ConclusionIn a four-month timeframe, the project team demonstrated the feasibility of creating a cross-archive end-user service by means of its UPS Prototype system. The project identified a number of issues that are crucial in making the creation of such services more straightforward and that aim at the creation of rich, diverse and high quality services. These issues were incorporated in recommendations made to the Open Archives group during their first meeting in Santa Fe. An important concern in the formulation of these recommendations was the balance between the efforts required at the end of the data provider to implement the recommendations and the objective of making it easy for the service provider. The Santa Fe Convention, that is the result of the discussions at that meeting, has adopted many of these recommendations. The group has adopted the concept of the data-provider/data-implementer space. It has also concluded that -- in a short to mid-term timeframe -- a harvesting approach gives more guarantees for success than a distributed searching approach. For some recommendations, the group went further than the coordinating trio. This was the case for the harvesting protocols and the metadata formats, for which the coordination trio left the choice of these to the data providers, but required them to document their choices in the data-provider/service-provider framework. The group agreed on a standardized harvesting protocol and on a joint basic metadata set, leaving the options open for community-specific metadata formats to be used in parallel. For other recommendations, the group did not go as far as the coordinating trio. This was the case for the "Terms and conditions of data use" aspect of the data-provider/service-provider framework, that is only addressed in a minimal way by the Convention, reflecting the "don't ask don't tell" policy of some archive maintainers. The e-print identifier namespace concept has found its way into the Convention, be it in a pragmatic rendering that can ultimately lead to a more elaborate implementation. Other recommendations were outside the immediate scope of the first meeting, and they might become elements for future meetings. This is definitely the case for the submission mechanism and its relation to the quality of the metadata. Other issues that might be studied later include identifiers for other metadata elements such as author-affiliation and subject, and also the case for the inclusion of citation data in the metadata. The project also provided interesting new insights regarding the digital library technologies that have been used. As mentioned in the opening section of this paper, these are out of the scope of this paper, but are described in detail in (Van de Sompel, Krichel, Nelson et al 2000). ReferencesBollen, Johan, Herbert Van de Sompel, and Luis Rocha. (in preparation). Mining associative relations from website logs and their application to context-dependent retrieval using spreading activation. Proceedings of the Workshop on Organizing Webspaces (ACM-DL99), Berkeley, California. [http://lib-www.lanl.gov/~jbollen/pubs/Bollen_wows_DL99.zip] Bollen, Johan and Frans Heylighen. 1998. A system to restructure hypertext networks into valid user models. The new review of Hypermedia and Multimedia. no. 4, pp. 189-213. [http://lib-www.lanl.gov/~jbollen/pubs/JBollen_NRHM99.pdf] Cameron, Robert D. 1997. A universal citation database as a catalyst for reform in scholarly communication. First Monday 2, no. 4. [http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue2_4/cameron/index.html] Canessa, Enrique. ICTP: One-Shot World-Wide Preprints Search. 1996. [http://www.ictp.trieste.it/indexes/preprints.html] Canessa, Enrique and Giorgio Pastore. 1996. One-Shot Service Searches Preprint Repositories at a Mouseclick. Computers in Physics 10, no. 6: 520. Davis, James R. and Carl Lagoze. 1996. The Networked Computer Science Technical Report Library. Cornell CS TR96-1595 . [http://cs-tr.cs.cornell.edu:80/Dienst/UI/1.0/Display/ncstrl.cornell/TR96-1595] Fox, Edward A. and others. 1997. Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations An International Effort Unlocking University Resources. D-Lib Magazine. [http://www.dlib.org/dlib/september97/theses/09fox.html] Ginsparg, Paul. 1994. First steps towards electronic research communication. Computers in Physics 8, no. 4: 390-6. [http://arXiv.org/blurb/blurb.ps.gz] Ginsparg, Paul, Rick Luce, and Herbert Van de Sompel. First meeting of the Open Archives initiative. October 1999. [http://www.openarchives.org/ups1-press.htm] Harnad, Stevan. Integrating and navigating eprint archives through citation-linking (NSF / JISC - eLib Collaborative Project). June 1999. [http://www.princeton.edu/~harnad/citation.html] Harnad, Stevan. 2000. CogPrints Project page. [http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/services/elib/projects/cogprints/] Krichel, Thomas. 1999. The Santa Fe Agreement: a discussion document presented at the Santa Fe Meeting of the Open Archives Initiative. [T.Krichel@surrey.ac.uk] Krichel, Thomas. RePEc Documentation. 2000a. [http://netec.wustl.edu/RePEc/] Krichel, Thomas. ReDIF version 1. 2000b. [http://openlib.org/acmes/root/docu/redif_1.html]. Lagoze, Carl, E. Shaw, J. R. Davis, and D. B. Krafft. Dienst Implementation Reference Manual. Cornell Computer Science Technical Report TR95-1514, May 1995, [http://cs-tr.cs.cornell.edu:80/Dienst/UI/1.0/Display/ncstrl.cornell/TR95-1514] Maly, Kurt, Michael Nelson, and Mohammad Zubair. 1999. Smart Objects, Dumb Archives: A User-Centric, Layered Digital Library Framework. D-Lib Magazine 5, no. 3. [http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march99/maly/03maly.html] NCBI. The NLM PubMed Project. 1998. [http://www4.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Pubmed/overview.html] Nelson, Michael L. and others. 1998. NCSTRL+: Adding Multi-Discipline and Multi-Genre Support to the Dienst Protocol Using Clusters and Buckets. Proceedings of Advances in Digital Libraries 98. [http://techreports.larc.nasa.gov/ltrs/PDF/1998/mtg/NASA-98-ieeedl-mln.pdf] Nelson, Michael L. 1999. A Digital Library for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. NASA/TM-1999-209127 April . [http://techreports.larc.nasa.gov/ltrs/PDF/1999/tm/NASA-99-tm209127.pdf] Nelson, Michael L. and others. 1999. Buckets: Aggregative, Intelligent Agents for Publishing. WebNet Journal 1, no. 1: 58-66. [http://techreports.larc.nasa.gov/ltrs/PDF/1998/tm/NASA-98-tm208419.pdf] Open Archives initiative. 2000. The Santa Fe Convention. [http://www.openarchives.org/sfc/sfc.htm] Paskin, Norman. 1999. DOI: Current Status and Outlook. D-Lib Magazine 5, no. 5. [http://www.dlib.org/dlib/may99/05paskin.html] Plümer, Judith and Roland Schwänzl. 1996. Harvesting Mathematics. Euromath Bulletin 2, no. 1. [http://www.mathematik.uni-osnabrueck.de/projects/harvest/euromath.ps.gz] Plümer, Judith and Schwänzl, Roland. MPRESS. 1997. [http://MathNet.preprints.org/] Powell, James. Virginia Tech Federated Searcher. 1998. [http://jin.dis.vt.edu/fedsearch/ndltd/support/search-catalog.html] Powell, James and Ed Fox. 1998. Multilingual federated searching across heterogeneous collections. D-Lib Magazine 9, no. 4. [http://www.dlib.org/dlib/september98/powell/09powell.html] Schmitz, M. and others. 1995. NED and SIMBAD Conventions for Bibliographic Reference Coding. Information & On-line Data in Astronomy p. 259. Tiffany, Melissa E. and Michael L. Nelson. 1998. Creating a Canonical Scientific and Technical Information Classification System for NCSTRL+. NASA/TM-1998-208955 . [http://techreports.larc.nasa.gov/ltrs/PDF/1998/tm/NASA-98-tm208955.pdf] Van de Sompel, Herbert and Patrick Hochstenbach. 1999a. Reference linking in a hybrid library environment. Part 1: frameworks for linking. D-Lib Magazine 5, no. 4. [http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april99/van_de_sompel/04van_de_sompel-pt1.html] Van de Sompel, Herbert and Patrick Hochstenbach. 1999b. Reference linking in a hybrid library environment. Part 2:SFX, a generic linking solution. D-Lib Magazine 5, no. 4. [http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april99/van_de_sompel/04van_de_sompel-pt2.html] Van de Sompel, Herbert and Patrick Hochstenbach. 1999c. Reference linking in a hybrid library environment. Part 3: Generalizing the SFX solution in the "SFX@Ghent & SFX@LANL" experiment. D-Lib Magazine 5, no. 10. [http://www.dlib.org/dlib/october99/van_de_sompel/10van_de_sompel.html] Van de Sompel, Herbert, Thomas Krichel, Michael L. Nelson and others. 2000. The UPS Prototype project: exploring the obstacles in creating a cross e-print archive end-user service. Old Dominion University Computer Science TR 2000-01, February 2000. [http://cs-tr.cs.cornell.edu:80/Dienst/UI/1.0/Display/ncstrl.odu_cs/TR_2000_01] Van de Sompel, Herbert and Carl Lagoze. 2000. The Santa Fe Convention of the Open Archives Initiative. D-Lib Magazine 6, no. 2. [http://www.dlib.org/dlib/february00/vandesompel-oai/02vandesompel-oai.html] AcknowledgmentsThe authors wish to thank the following parties for the provision of e-print data:
The authors wish to thank the following parties for their active cooperation in the project:
Many thanks for sponsoring and support:
Herbert Van de Sompel wishes to thank the Belgian Science Foundation for a special PhD grant. Appendix: The UPS Prototype demo systemThe ScreenCams are provided as stand-alone executables that can only be run on WinTel computers. Since the ScreenCams are large files, their size is mentioned. The ScreenCams do not contain audio. In addition to these ScreenCams, some examples are also given by means of screen dumps. Bucket methods
The NCSTRL+ search interface
Buckets and the SFX linking service
Copyright © 2000 Herbert Van de Sompel, Thomas Krichel, Patrick Hochstenbach, Victor M. Lyanpunov, Kurt Maly, Mohammad Zubair, Mohamed Kholief, Xiaoming Liu, and Heath O'Connell. (Although he is a co-author of this story, Michael Nelson is not listed as a copyright holder because he is an employee of the U.S. Federal Government.) |
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D-Lib Magazine Access Terms and Conditions DOI: 10.1045/february2000-vandesompel-ups |